CT-scanning and virtual reproduction of the Saccopastore Neandertal crania

The two early Neanderthal crania from Saccopastore (Rome, Italy) have been CT-scanned and virtually reproduced using computer-assisted techniques. The matrix, still pervading many internal volumes, was partially removed in order to identify and isolate endocranial structures and internal features. Saccopastore 1 shows high degree of mineralisation. In addition, calcareous inclusions permeates the deeper layers of the bone, involving some degree of overflow and difficulties to clearly identify part of the anatomical structures of the basicranium. Anyhow, the endocast (never described so far) is almost entirely reproduced, as well as features of dental roots, maxillary sinuses, and inner ear elements. Saccopastore 2 shows also a high level of fossilisation, but with less problems for the scan process (given also the smaller volume of the anatomical districts preserved); even in this case, dental roots, maxillary and frontal sinuses, and inner ear elements can be identified. These two important specimens, dated to a crucial (Eemian) stage along the Neanderthal evolutionary lineage, are now available for CT-based analyses and comparisons.