The contribution focuses on the cessation of the subject matter of the dispute as a hypothesis of “conclusion without decision” in the Italian civil process, highlighting its social function in the context of the 21st century. Although this ground for termination of proceedings does not find express statutory regulation in the code of civil procedure, it constitutes an institute that has now become part of the procedural system due to the frequency with which it is invoked in practice, being daily employed in courtrooms as a possible outcome of litigation aimed at promoting social pacification through the amicable resolution of disputes. Building on the reconstructions offered by Italian, German, and French scholarship, the analysis focuses, on the one hand, on the evolution - often of a praetorian nature - of this ground for termination of proceedings within the Italian legal system and, on the other hand, on the similarities (and, at the same time, divergences) with the corresponding hypotheses expressly provided for in other civil law systems, particularly the German and French ones. On the basis of these premises and in light of the most recent rulings of the Supreme Court, several of the main problematic issues brought to the attention of scholars emerge, concerning: the merely declaratory nature of the c.m.c.; the possible use of the criterion of “virtual defeat” for the allocation of legal costs; the fate of measures adopted in previous stages of proceedings where the c.m.c. is declared at the appeal stage or before the court of last instance; the necessity, or otherwise, of alleging - jointly or unilaterally - the settlement of the dispute; and, finally, the classification of such a declaration as a purely procedural decision, due to the supervening lack of interest (in which traits of affinity with the German prozessuale Rechtsnatur are found), or as a decision on the merits (fully comparable to the materielle Rechtsnatur), with all the implications that follow in terms of res judicata. From this latter perspective, there are indeed attempts in Italian, German, and French scholarship to recognize in decisions that are formally judicial, but substantively deriving from the concordant will of the parties, a binding character similar to that of the German materielle Rechtskraft or to the force obligatoire that characterizes the transaction in the French legal system. The contribution therefore examines in depth the experience of the main civil law systems, focusing on the points of contact between the cessation of the subject matter of the dispute, as a possible outcome of the amicable resolution of conflicts, and the Klagerücknahme, the Prozessvergleich, and the Erledigung der Hauptsache under § 91a ZPO (in its forms of übereinstimmende Erledigungserklärung and einseitige Erledigungserklärung), also in light of the case law of the Bundesgerichtshof. These procedural mechanisms, while primarily relating to the allocation of legal costs, allow (recte: favor) the closure of proceedings in the presence of a factum superveniens, avoiding the continuation of a process that has become devoid of any utilitas for the parties and thus promoting the adoption of solutions independently agreed upon by them. Similarly, in the French legal system, the transaction and the corresponding possibility of raising the exception de chose transigée represent instruments for the amicable settlement of disputes, the regulation of which is by the Cour de cassation derived from that of the autorité de la chose jugée. Within the broader genus of the contrat judiciaire, in which the transaction is situated, there are also included the jugement d’expédient and the jugement de donné acte, the scope of which is, respectively, the juridiction contentieuse (contentious jurisdiction) and the matière gracieuse (voluntary jurisdiction). In this respect, it is evident that, even beyond national borders, procedural law is functional to social pacification through a negotiated outcome of the dispute. Finally, the contribution recalls the most recent legislative and jurisprudential developments in administrative proceedings and tax litigation, where the cessation of the subject matter of the dispute is expressly provided ex lege (as can be inferred from Article 34(5) of Legislative Decree No. 104/2010, as well as Article 95 of Legislative Decree No. 175/2024), confirming the importance attributed to overcoming the dispute, where no longer necessary, through instruments of amicable dispute resolution. The comparison with the German and French procedural systems makes it possible, in conclusion, to highlight the social advantages deriving from a c.m.c. ruling, both in terms of reducing the workload of judicial offices and—above all—in the interest of the parties in seeing the dispute resolved at an early stage, on the basis of an outcome that often reflects the achievement of a consensus. In addition to easing court dockets, the autonomous resolution of the dispute eliminates, in fact, the need for a judicial decision, thereby allowing proceedings that have in practice become obsolete to be closed more quickly, either due to the supervening agreement of the parties or to the occurrence of a different event which, independently of their will, entails the exhaustion of the conflict. Only in this way can one ensure one of the main “social functions” of civil procedure, namely the amicable resolution of disputes.
Il contributo verte sulla cessazione della materia del contendere quale ipotesi di “conclusione senza decisione” del processo civile italiano, evidenziandone la funzione sociale nel contesto del XXI secolo. Sebbene tale fattispecie estintiva del giudizio non trovi un’espressa disciplina normativa nel codice di procedura civile, si tratta di un istituto ormai entrato a far parte del sistema processuale per la frequenza con la quale viene invocato nella pratica applicativa, quotidianamente impiegato nelle aule di giustizia quale possibile esito della lite volto a promuovere la pacificazione sociale attraverso la risoluzione amichevole dei conflitti. Prendendo le mosse dalle ricostruzioni offerte dalla dottrina italiana, tedesca e francese, l’indagine si concentra, da una parte, sull’evoluzione - spesso di stampo pretorio - di tale fattispecie estintiva del giudizio nell’ordinamento italiano e, dall’altra, sulle affinità (e, al tempo stesso, divergenze) rispetto alle corrispondenti ipotesi espressamente previste negli altri sistemi di civil law, in particolare in quello tedesco e francese. Sulla scorta di tali premesse e alla luce dei più recenti arresti della Suprema Corte, emergono alcune tra le principali questioni problematiche poste all’attenzione dell’interprete, concernenti: la natura meramente dichiarativa della c.m.c.; il possibile impiego del criterio della “soccombenza virtuale” ai fini dell’allocazione delle spese di giustizia; la sorte dei provvedimenti adottati nei precedenti gradi di giudizio qualora la c.m.c. sia dichiarata in fase di gravame ovvero in sede di legittimità; la necessità, o meno, dell’allegazione - concorde o unilaterale - del componimento transattivo della lite; la qualificazione, infine, di tale declaratoria come decisione di puro rito, in ragione della sopravvenuta carenza di interesse (in ciò si riscontrano tratti di affinità con la prozessuale Rechtsnatur di stampo tedesco), ovvero come decisione di merito (in termini pienamente assimilabili alla materielle Rechtsnatur), con tutte le implicazioni che ne derivano in punto di giudicato. In quest’ultima prospettiva non mancano, infatti, tentativi della dottrina — italiana, tedesca e francese — di riconoscere a pronunce (formalmente) giudiziali, ma (sostanzialmente) derivanti dal concorde volere delle parti, un carattere vincolante simile a quello della materielle Rechtskraft tedesca ovvero alla force obligatoire che caratterizza la transaction del sistema giuridico d’oltralpe. Il contributo approfondisce, pertanto, l’esperienza dei principali ordinamenti di civil law, soffermandosi sui punti di contatto tra la cessazione della materia del contendere, quale possibile esito della risoluzione amichevole dei conflitti, e la Klagerücknahme, il Prozessvergleich e l’Erledigung der Hauptsache di cui al § 91a ZPO (nelle sue declinazioni dell’übereinstimmende Erledigungserklärung e dell’einseitige Erledigungserklärung), anche alla luce della giurisprudenza del Bundesgerichtshof. Tali figure processuali, pur riferendosi principalmente all’allocazione dei costi di giustizia, consentono (recte: favoriscono) la chiusura del giudizio in presenza di un factum superveniens, evitando la prosecuzione di un processo ormai divenuto privo di qualsiasi utilitas per le parti e promuovendo, così, l’adozione di soluzioni autonomamente concordate da queste ultime. Analogamente, nell’ordinamento francese, la transaction e la corrispondente possibilità di sollevare l’exception de chose transigée rappresentano strumenti di composizione amichevole del conflitto, e la cui disciplina viene dalla Cour de cassation ricavata da quella dell’autorité de la chose jugée. All’interno del più ampio genus del contrat judiciaire, nel quale si colloca la transaction, vanno inoltre ricompresi il jugement d’expédient e il jugement de donné acte, il cui ambito è, rispettivamente, la juridiction contentieuse (giurisdizione contenziosa) e la matière gracieuse (volontaria giurisdizione). In ciò è evidente come, anche al di fuori dei confini nazionali, il diritto processuale sia funzionale alla pacificazione sociale attraverso un esito negoziato del conflitto. Da ultimo, il contributo richiama anche le più recenti evoluzioni, normative e giurisprudenziali, del giudizio amministrativo e del rito tributario, dove la cessazione della materia del contendere è espressamente prevista ex lege (come desumibile dall’art. 34, comma 5, d.lgs. 104/2010, nonché dall’art. 95, d.lgs. 175/2024), a riprova e conferma dell’importanza attribuita al superamento della lite, ove non più necessaria, per il tramite degli strumenti di risoluzione amichevole del conflitto. Il confronto con i sistemi processuali tedesco e francese consente, in conclusione, di evidenziare i vantaggi sociali derivanti da una pronuncia di c.m.c., sia ai fini della riduzione del carico di contenzioso all’interno degli uffici giudiziari, sia — soprattutto — nell’interesse delle parti a vedere chiusa la lite anticipatamente, sulla base di un esito che spesso esprime il raggiungimento di un consenso. Oltre ad alleggerire i ruoli d’udienza, l’autonoma risoluzione del conflitto elimina, infatti, la necessità di una decisione giudiziaria, in tal modo consentendo di chiudere più rapidamente i procedimenti di fatto ormai superati, o per il sopravvenuto accordo delle parti o per il verificarsi di un diverso evento che, indipendentemente dalla volontà di queste, comporta egualmente l’esaurimento del conflitto. Solo in tal modo si può assicurare una delle principali “funzioni sociali” del processo civile, ossia la risoluzione amichevole dei conflitti.
II incontro italo-iberoamericano di diritto processuale civile. In ricordo di Piero Calamandrei ed Eduardo Couture a 70 anni dalla scomparsa - La funzione sociale del processo nel secolo XXI / Malatesta, Florin Costinel. - (2026). ( II incontro italo-iberoamericano di diritto processuale civile. In ricordo di Piero Calamandrei ed Eduardo Couture a 70 anni dalla scomparsa Santa Margherita Ligure e Genova ).
II incontro italo-iberoamericano di diritto processuale civile. In ricordo di Piero Calamandrei ed Eduardo Couture a 70 anni dalla scomparsa - La funzione sociale del processo nel secolo XXI
Florin Costinel Malatesta
2026
Abstract
The contribution focuses on the cessation of the subject matter of the dispute as a hypothesis of “conclusion without decision” in the Italian civil process, highlighting its social function in the context of the 21st century. Although this ground for termination of proceedings does not find express statutory regulation in the code of civil procedure, it constitutes an institute that has now become part of the procedural system due to the frequency with which it is invoked in practice, being daily employed in courtrooms as a possible outcome of litigation aimed at promoting social pacification through the amicable resolution of disputes. Building on the reconstructions offered by Italian, German, and French scholarship, the analysis focuses, on the one hand, on the evolution - often of a praetorian nature - of this ground for termination of proceedings within the Italian legal system and, on the other hand, on the similarities (and, at the same time, divergences) with the corresponding hypotheses expressly provided for in other civil law systems, particularly the German and French ones. On the basis of these premises and in light of the most recent rulings of the Supreme Court, several of the main problematic issues brought to the attention of scholars emerge, concerning: the merely declaratory nature of the c.m.c.; the possible use of the criterion of “virtual defeat” for the allocation of legal costs; the fate of measures adopted in previous stages of proceedings where the c.m.c. is declared at the appeal stage or before the court of last instance; the necessity, or otherwise, of alleging - jointly or unilaterally - the settlement of the dispute; and, finally, the classification of such a declaration as a purely procedural decision, due to the supervening lack of interest (in which traits of affinity with the German prozessuale Rechtsnatur are found), or as a decision on the merits (fully comparable to the materielle Rechtsnatur), with all the implications that follow in terms of res judicata. From this latter perspective, there are indeed attempts in Italian, German, and French scholarship to recognize in decisions that are formally judicial, but substantively deriving from the concordant will of the parties, a binding character similar to that of the German materielle Rechtskraft or to the force obligatoire that characterizes the transaction in the French legal system. The contribution therefore examines in depth the experience of the main civil law systems, focusing on the points of contact between the cessation of the subject matter of the dispute, as a possible outcome of the amicable resolution of conflicts, and the Klagerücknahme, the Prozessvergleich, and the Erledigung der Hauptsache under § 91a ZPO (in its forms of übereinstimmende Erledigungserklärung and einseitige Erledigungserklärung), also in light of the case law of the Bundesgerichtshof. These procedural mechanisms, while primarily relating to the allocation of legal costs, allow (recte: favor) the closure of proceedings in the presence of a factum superveniens, avoiding the continuation of a process that has become devoid of any utilitas for the parties and thus promoting the adoption of solutions independently agreed upon by them. Similarly, in the French legal system, the transaction and the corresponding possibility of raising the exception de chose transigée represent instruments for the amicable settlement of disputes, the regulation of which is by the Cour de cassation derived from that of the autorité de la chose jugée. Within the broader genus of the contrat judiciaire, in which the transaction is situated, there are also included the jugement d’expédient and the jugement de donné acte, the scope of which is, respectively, the juridiction contentieuse (contentious jurisdiction) and the matière gracieuse (voluntary jurisdiction). In this respect, it is evident that, even beyond national borders, procedural law is functional to social pacification through a negotiated outcome of the dispute. Finally, the contribution recalls the most recent legislative and jurisprudential developments in administrative proceedings and tax litigation, where the cessation of the subject matter of the dispute is expressly provided ex lege (as can be inferred from Article 34(5) of Legislative Decree No. 104/2010, as well as Article 95 of Legislative Decree No. 175/2024), confirming the importance attributed to overcoming the dispute, where no longer necessary, through instruments of amicable dispute resolution. The comparison with the German and French procedural systems makes it possible, in conclusion, to highlight the social advantages deriving from a c.m.c. ruling, both in terms of reducing the workload of judicial offices and—above all—in the interest of the parties in seeing the dispute resolved at an early stage, on the basis of an outcome that often reflects the achievement of a consensus. In addition to easing court dockets, the autonomous resolution of the dispute eliminates, in fact, the need for a judicial decision, thereby allowing proceedings that have in practice become obsolete to be closed more quickly, either due to the supervening agreement of the parties or to the occurrence of a different event which, independently of their will, entails the exhaustion of the conflict. Only in this way can one ensure one of the main “social functions” of civil procedure, namely the amicable resolution of disputes.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


