Costruzione dell’alterità e accoglienza selettiva nelle politiche migratorie europee

migrants from other areas. The application of Directive 2001/55/EC on temporary protection has granted Ukrainians immediate rights, promoting rapid integration thanks to the cooperation between Member States and citizens. However, for other migrants the EU continues to outsource border management, entrusting it to third countries with lower protection standards. In Italy, agreements with Turkey, Libya and Albania have limited arrivals but raise serious ethical and legal questions. The contrast is also evident in the crisis between Poland and Belarus, which occurred in the same period as the Ukrainian emergency, where migrants from the Middle Eastern regions were rejected. This disparity reflects not only political choices, but also cultural perceptions: Ukrainian refugees are seen as closer to the European identity, while others encounter greater resistance. The EU must overcome this inconsistency and adopt more just and human rights-respecting migration policies.