Population genomics of Asiatic lion: a whole genome sequencing approach for preserving the biodiversity of an endangered species

The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica), once widely spread, now survives in a single population in Gujarat's Gir forest (India), and it is ranked as “endangered” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Because of this threat, ex-situ conservation efforts are ongoing. However, reproductive challenges, including a neurodegenerative disorder leading to early mortality, greatly undermine captive breeding programs. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 16 Asiatic lions, aiming to understand their genomic evolution and develop effective conservation strategies. Next, we will compare these sequences with ancient and modern genomes of lions and closely related feline species for a total of 37 individuals. Our analysis will encompass genetic diversity across lions, helping to identify genomic regions linked to the disorder and eventually guiding breeding initiatives. Additionally, we aim to establish a genetic variant panel useful for forensic analysis and conservation management of both in-situ and ex-situ populations. These genomic resources will not only shed light on the evolutionary history of lions, but also are promising for safeguarding their diversity through targeted conservation measures.