Geochemical and geochronological constraints on the origin of the Sabzevar ophiolites (NE Iran). Forced far-field subduction initiation in the upper-plate of the Neo-Tethys subduction zone

The Sabzevar ophiolites, located at the northern margin of the Central-East Iranian microcontinent (CEIM), are part of the Mesozoic-Paleogene Neotethyan suture zone developed along the Alpine-Himalayan convergence zone. These ophiolites consist mostly of oceanic lithospheric remnants, covered by early Campanian-late Maastrichtian volcano-sedimentary successions. A distinctive characteristic of the Sabzevar ophiolites is the occurrence of mafic dike swarms (gabbros, gabbronorites and diorites) with forearc-arc-tholeiitic geochemical signature, intruding the mantle section. Occurrence of orthopyroxene, development of pegmatitic texture, crystallization of clinopyroxene prior to plagioclase, and the presence of anorthite-rich plagioclase imply relatively high H2O content in the magmatic plumbing system. Rare plagiogranites (tonalite and trondhjemite compositions) show geochemical features compatible with a supra-subduction setting, whereas late (hornblendebearing) gabbro dikes show a within-plate signature. The bimodal geochemical affinity (subduction vs. intraplate) is also attested by clinopyroxene compositions. The gabbroic, plagiogranitic and gabbronoritic samples yield Early Cretaceous SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of 96.7 ± 1, 98 ± 1 and 94 ± 1 Ma, respectively. A progression from tholeiitic MORB-like to more depleted high-Mg andesite and eventually alkaline affinities is here proposed, framing the magma evolution as generated in an evolving forearc setting that post-dated (of at least 9 Myr) the formation of the metamorphic sole during the infant stages of subduction of the Sabzevar Ocean. A scenario of far-field forced subduction initiation of the Sabzevar Ocean is proposed as consequence of propagation of the residual stresses transmitted from the Arabia-Eurasia convergence zone across the CEIM during Cretaceous times (Albian-Campanian).