Insight into the integration of dark fermentation with electrochemical methods for H2 and electricity production

Dark fermentation (DF) is one of the most promising biochemical processes for sustainable management of organic waste through bio-H2 production. DF offers several advantages compared to other bio-H2 production processes, including higher production rate, flexibility of operation under different temperature and pressure conditions, and lower net energy input. It may also be applied to a wide range of organic substrates such as waste and wastewater. Nevertheless, there are still issues that need further investigation in order to improve the efficiency of the process. These include the intrinsic limitations related to biochemical constraints, which lead to notably lower H2 yields compared to those expected on a theoretical basis.