Risk factors for grade 3 pivot shift in knees with acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a comprehensive evaluation of the importance of osseous and soft tissue parameters from the SANTI study group

Background: Preoperative grade 3 pivot shift has been reported to be associated with higher rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) failure, persistent instability, and inferior patient-reported outcomes. The etiology of a high-grade pivot shift is multifactorial, and numerous factors have been suggested to be responsible. More attention has recently been focused on injury to the antero- lateral structures (ALS) as a risk factor for a grade 3 pivot shift. Purpose: To determine risk factors for grade 3 pivot shift, including soft tissue and osseous parameters. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A prospective evaluation was undertaken of 200 consecutive patients undergoing acute ACL reconstruction (within 10 days of injury). An open exploration of the lateral side of the injured knee was performed at the time of the index procedure. Details regarding patient and injury characteristics were recorded, as were details of soft tissue injuries, including meniscal tears, ALS lesions, medial collateral ligament tears, and chondral injuries. Osseous parameters (tibial slope and condylar ratios) were deter- mined per established magnetic resonance imaging protocols. A multivariate logistic regression with penalized maximum likeli- hood was used to identify risk factors associated with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grade 3 pivot shift. Results: The mean 6 SD age of the population was 28.3 6 9.8 years; 67.5% of patients were male. Among patients, 35 (17.5%) had a high-grade pivot shift (IKDC grade 3), and 165 (82.5%) had a low-grade pivot shift (IKDC grades 1 and 2). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that injury to the ALS was the only significant risk factor for grade 3 pivot shift (odds ratio, 13.49; 95% CI, 1.80-1725.53). Conclusion: This comprehensive evaluation of soft tissue and osseous factors has identified that injury to the ALS is the most important risk factor for grade 3 pivot shift in acute ACL-injured knees.