Fair trade (FT) is a form of trade, created to counter conventional trade, aimed at promoting and safeguarding the welfare of workers and the environment. FT initially originated for the sale of handicraft products from Developing Countries (DCs) and later opened its doors to the marketing of agri-food products from these Countries as well. Among the food products that are mostly sold by FT are mainly psychoactive foods and beverages (chocolate, tea and coffee), all of which are characterized not only by the same soil and climate zone of cultivation, but also by a similar chemical-nutritional profile. Therefore, in the present study, the analysis of bioactive compounds (biogenic amines, essential free fatty acids, and polyphenols), i.e., molecules generally present in small concentrations in foods that have beneficial effects on consumer health, in Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade samples of dark chocolate, green and black tea, and ground and infused coffee was conducted. These compounds were considered to assess both the quality of psychoactive food and beverages, but also to evaluate the influence of food processing and conservation techniques. Eight biogenic amines (serotonin, β-phenylethylamine, cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, histamine, spermine, and spermidine) and six fatty acids (a. linolenic, a. myristic, a. linoleic, a. palmitic, a. oleic, and a. stearic) analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis and Fluorimetric detector were considered in the study. In addition, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antiradical activity (ABTS and DPPH assays) were evaluated by spectrophotometric assays in all food matrices considered. In addition, the possibility of using, instead of conventional organic solvents (methanol, water, and methanol/water solutions) used in polyphenol extraction, new generation green solvents: the Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) was evaluated on the chocolate samples. These solvents consist of a pair of hydrogen bond donor (Hydrogen Bond Donar; HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (Hydrogen Bond Acceptor; HBA) molecules. Different HBDs (Betaine and Chlorin Chlorine) and HBAs (Fructose and Triethylene Glycol) at different molar ratios and hydration rates (10, 20 and 30 percent) were considered in the study. Spectrophotometric assays for evaluation of total polyphenol and flavonoid content and antiradical activity (ABTS and DPPH assays) were performed on the extracts to evaluate the extraction yield of different conventional solvents and DES. In addition, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology was applied to assess the real sustainability of the green methods examined, compared to conventional organic solvents for the extraction of polyphenols from chocolate samples. The application of chemometric tools such as Principal component analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) on the profile of biogenic amines, free fatty acids, and the results of spectrophotometric assays (TPC, TFC, ABTS and DPPH) allowed us to highlight groupings within the examined samples according to the type of sample and to the presence or absence of the Fairtrade label. Therefore, this study provides a starting point for assessing the quality of nerve foods and beverages by analysing the bioactive compounds in it. In addition, the study made it possible to develop and optimize new procedures for the extraction of phenolic compounds from psycoactive foods and beverages using green methods, which can be applied to replace conventional organic solvents that are less environmentally and economically sustainable.

Il commercio equo e solidale (CEeS) è una forma di commercio, nata per contrastare il commercio convenzionale, volta alla promozione e alla salvaguardia del benessere dei lavoratori e dell’ambiente. Il CEeS inizialmente nacque per la vendita di prodotti dell’artigianato dei Paesi in Via di Sviluppo (PVS) e successivamente aprì le porte anche alla commercializzazione dei prodotti agro-alimentari di questi Paesi. Tra i prodotti alimentari che sono maggiormente venduti dal CEeS troviamo principalmente gli alimenti e le bevande nervine (cioccolato, tè e caffè), caratterizzate tutte non solo dalla medesima zona pedoclimatica di coltivazione, ma anche da un profilo chimico-nutrizionale simile. Pertanto, nel presente studio è stata effettuata l’analisi dei composti bioattivi (ammine biogene, acidi grassi liberi essenziali e polifenoli), ossia molecole presenti generalmente in piccole concentrazioni negli alimenti che hanno effetti benefici per la salute del consumatore, in campioni di cioccolato fondente, tè verde e nero e caffè macinato e infuso a marchio Fairtrade e non. Questi composti sono stati presi in considerazione per valutare sia la qualità degli alimenti e delle bevande nervine, ma anche per valutare l’influenza delle tecniche di trasformazione e conservazione dell’alimento. Nello studio sono state prese in considerazione otto ammine biogene (serotonina, β-feniletilammina, cadaverina, putrescina, tiramina, istamina, spermina e spermidina) e sei acidi grassi (a. linolenico, a. miristico, a. linoleico, a. palmitico, a. oleico e a. stearico) analizzati mediante cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni (HPLC) con rivelatore UV-Vis e Fluorimetrico. Inoltre, è stato valutato il contenuto di polifenoli totali (TPC), il contenuto di flavonoidi totali (TFC) e l’attività antiradicalica (saggi ABTS e DPPH), mediante saggi spettrofotometrici in tutte le matrici alimentari considerate. Inoltre, sui campioni di cioccolato è stata valutata la possibilità di utilizzare, al posto dei solventi organici convenzionali (metanolo, acqua e soluzioni di metanolo/acqua) adoperati nell’estrazione dei polifenoli, solventi green di nuova generazione: i Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES). Questi solventi sono costituiti da una coppia di molecole donatori di legami idrogeno (Hydrogen Bond Donar; HBD) e accettori di legame idrogeno (Hydrogen Bond Acceptor; HBA). Nello studio sono state prese in considerazione differenti HBD (Betaina e Clorin Clorina) e HBA (Fruttosio e Trietilenglicole) a diversi rapporti molari e percentuali di idratazione (10, 20 e 30 %). Per valutare la resa di estrazione dei differenti solventi convenzionali e DES sono stati effettuati sugli estratti i saggi spettrofotometrici per la valutazione del contenuto totale di polifenoli e flavonoidi e l’attività antiradicalica (saggi ABTS e DPPH). Inoltre, per valutare l’effettiva sostenibilità delle metodiche green prese in esame, rispetto ai solventi organici convenzionali per l’estrazione dei polifenoli da campioni di cioccolato, è stata applicata la metodologia del Life Cycle Assessment. L’applicazione di strumenti chemiometrici come l’analisi delle componenti principali (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) e la Cluster Analysis (CA) sul profilo di ammine biogene, di acidi grassi liberei e sui risultati dei saggi spettrofotometrici (TPC, TFC, ABTS e DPPH) ha consentito di evidenziare raggruppamenti all’interno dei campioni esaminati secondo la tipologia di campione e secondo la presenza o meno del marchio Fairtrade. Pertanto, questo studio rappresenta un punto di partenza per valutare la qualità degli alimenti e delle bevande nervine mediante l’analisi dei composti bioattivi in esso presenti. Inoltre, lo studio ha consentito di sviluppare e ottimizzare nuove procedure di estrazione dei composti fenolici da alimenti e bevande nervine mediante metodiche green, che possono essere applicate in sostituzione dei solventi organici convenzionali che sono meno sostenibili a livello ambientale ed economico.

Alimenti e bevande nervine: valorizzazione della filiera fair trade mediante un approccio integrato / Maddaloni, Lucia. - (2022 Sep 27).

Alimenti e bevande nervine: valorizzazione della filiera fair trade mediante un approccio integrato

MADDALONI, LUCIA
27/09/2022

Abstract

Fair trade (FT) is a form of trade, created to counter conventional trade, aimed at promoting and safeguarding the welfare of workers and the environment. FT initially originated for the sale of handicraft products from Developing Countries (DCs) and later opened its doors to the marketing of agri-food products from these Countries as well. Among the food products that are mostly sold by FT are mainly psychoactive foods and beverages (chocolate, tea and coffee), all of which are characterized not only by the same soil and climate zone of cultivation, but also by a similar chemical-nutritional profile. Therefore, in the present study, the analysis of bioactive compounds (biogenic amines, essential free fatty acids, and polyphenols), i.e., molecules generally present in small concentrations in foods that have beneficial effects on consumer health, in Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade samples of dark chocolate, green and black tea, and ground and infused coffee was conducted. These compounds were considered to assess both the quality of psychoactive food and beverages, but also to evaluate the influence of food processing and conservation techniques. Eight biogenic amines (serotonin, β-phenylethylamine, cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, histamine, spermine, and spermidine) and six fatty acids (a. linolenic, a. myristic, a. linoleic, a. palmitic, a. oleic, and a. stearic) analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis and Fluorimetric detector were considered in the study. In addition, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antiradical activity (ABTS and DPPH assays) were evaluated by spectrophotometric assays in all food matrices considered. In addition, the possibility of using, instead of conventional organic solvents (methanol, water, and methanol/water solutions) used in polyphenol extraction, new generation green solvents: the Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) was evaluated on the chocolate samples. These solvents consist of a pair of hydrogen bond donor (Hydrogen Bond Donar; HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (Hydrogen Bond Acceptor; HBA) molecules. Different HBDs (Betaine and Chlorin Chlorine) and HBAs (Fructose and Triethylene Glycol) at different molar ratios and hydration rates (10, 20 and 30 percent) were considered in the study. Spectrophotometric assays for evaluation of total polyphenol and flavonoid content and antiradical activity (ABTS and DPPH assays) were performed on the extracts to evaluate the extraction yield of different conventional solvents and DES. In addition, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology was applied to assess the real sustainability of the green methods examined, compared to conventional organic solvents for the extraction of polyphenols from chocolate samples. The application of chemometric tools such as Principal component analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) on the profile of biogenic amines, free fatty acids, and the results of spectrophotometric assays (TPC, TFC, ABTS and DPPH) allowed us to highlight groupings within the examined samples according to the type of sample and to the presence or absence of the Fairtrade label. Therefore, this study provides a starting point for assessing the quality of nerve foods and beverages by analysing the bioactive compounds in it. In addition, the study made it possible to develop and optimize new procedures for the extraction of phenolic compounds from psycoactive foods and beverages using green methods, which can be applied to replace conventional organic solvents that are less environmentally and economically sustainable.
27-set-2022
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1654406
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