Possible progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and active multiple sclerosis under dimethyl fumarate: the central role of MRI in informing therapeutic decisions

Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) can rarely occur in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients undergoing dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment. Our case stresses the limits of current diagnostic and stratification risk criteria, highlighting the potential role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in advising clinical choices. Case presentation: A 54 years old MS male patient treated with DMF, after 3 years of clinical stability developed a subacute clinical worsening. He had no severe lymphopenia but MRI signs suggestive of a coexistence of PML and MS activity. Although his viral title was negative, DMF was discontinued, with clinical and radiological improvement. Conclusions: This case highlights the challenges behind PML diagnosis, especially in patients not fulfilling the risk stratification criteria and that might present with concurrent disease activity, stressing the potential role of MRI in informing therapeutic decisions.