Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Brown, Jonathan; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C; Charlson, Fiona J; Coates, Matthew M; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J; Erskine, Holly E; Ferrari, Alize J; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W; Goldberg, Ellen M; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A; Johnson, Catherine O; Kemmer, Laura; Khalil, Ibrahim A; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kutz, Michael J; Kyu, Hmwe H; Leung, Janni; Liang, Xiaofeng; Lim, Stephen S; Lozano, Rafael; Mensah, George A; Mikesell, Joe; Mokdad, Ali H; Mooney, Meghan D; Naghavi, Mohsen; Nguyen, Grant; Nsoesie, Elaine; Pigott, David M; Pinho, Christine; Rankin, Zane; Reinig, Nikolas; Salomon, Joshua A; Sandar, Logan; Smith, Alison; Sorensen, Reed J. D; Stanaway, Jeffrey; Steiner, Caitlyn; Teeple, Stephanie; Thomas, Bernadette A; Troeger, Chris; Vanderzanden, Amelia; Wagner, Joseph A; Wanga, Valentine; Whiteford, Harvey A; Zhou, Maigeng; Zoeckler, Leo; Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M; Abd Allah, Foad; Abraham, Biju; Abubakar, Ibrahim; Abu Raddad, Laith J; Abu Rmeileh, Niveen M. E; Achoki, Tom; Ackerman, Ilana N; Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adsuar, José C; Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko; Afshin, Ashkan; Agardh, Emilie Elisabet; Agarwal, Arnav; Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Akseer, Nadia; Al Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Noore K. M; Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed; Alegretti, Miguel Angel; Aleman, Alicia V; Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw; Alexander, Lily T; Ali, Raghib; Alkerwi, Ala'A; Alla, François; Allebeck, Peter; Alsharif, Ubai; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Martin, Elena Alvarez; Alvis Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Azmeraw T; Amberbir, Alemayehu; Amegah, Adeladza Kofi; Amini, Heresh; Ammar, Walid; Amrock, Stephen Marc; Anderson, Gregory M; Anderson, Benjamin O; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Anwari, Palwasha; Ärnlöv, Johan; Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic; Artaman, Al; Asayesh, Hamid; Asghar, Rana Jawad; Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur; Awasthi, Ashish; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Azzopardi, Peter; Bacha, Umar; Badawi, Alaa; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Banerjee, Amitava; Barac, Aleksandra; Barker Collo, Suzanne L; Bärnighausen, Till; Barregard, Lars; Barrero, Lope H; Basu, Sanjay; Bayou, Tigist Assefa; Beardsley, Justin; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Bell, Brent; Bell, Michelle L; Benjet, Corina; Bennett, Derrick A; Bensenor, Isabela M; Berhane, Adugnaw; Bernabé, Eduardo; Betsu, Balem Demtsu; Beyene, Addisu Shunu; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhansali, Anil; Bhatt, Samir; Biadgilign, Sibhatu; Bienhoff, Kelly; Bikbov, Boris; Abdulhak, Aref A. Bin; Bisanzio, Donal; Bjertness, Espen; Blore, Jed D; Borschmann, Rohan; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert R. A; Brainin, Michael; Brazinova, Alexandra; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K; Brugha, Traolach S; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Buckle, Geoffrey Colin; Butt, Zahid A; Calabria, Bianca; Campos Nonato, Ismael Ricardo; Campuzano, Julio Cesar; Carabin, Hélène; Carapetis, Jonathan R; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carrero, Juan Jesus; Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A; Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo; Catalá López, Ferrán; Cavalleri, Fiorella; Chang, Jung Chen; Chiang, Peggy Pei Chia; Chibalabala, Mirriam; Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne; Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe; Choi, Jee Young Jasmine; Choudhury, Lincoln; Christensen, Hanne; Ciobanu, Liliana G; Colistro, Valentina; Colomar, Mercedes; Colquhoun, Samantha M; Cortinovis, Monica; Crump, John A; Damasceno, Albertino; Dandona, Rakhi; Dargan, Paul I; das Neves, José; Davey, Gail; Davis, Adrian C; Leo, Diego De; Degenhardt, Louisa; Gobbo, Liana C. Del; Derrett, Sarah; Jarlais, Don C. Des; Deveber, Gabrielle A; Dharmaratne, Samath D; Dhillon, Preet K; Ding, Eric L; Doyle, Kerrie E; Driscoll, Tim R; Duan, Leilei; Dubey, Manisha; Duncan, Bruce Bartholow; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Ellenbogen, Richard G; Elyazar, Iqbal; Endries, Aman Yesuf; Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich; Eshrati, Babak; Esteghamati, Alireza; Estep, Kara; Fahimi, Saman; Farid, Talha A; Farinha, Carla Sofia e. Sa; Faro, André; Farvid, Maryam S; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feigin, Valery L; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad; Fernandes, Jefferson G; Fernandes, Joao C; Fischer, Florian; Fitchett, Joseph R. A; Foigt, Nataliya; Fowkes, F. Gerry R; Franklin, Richard C; Friedman, Joseph; Frostad, Joseph; Fürst, Thomas; Futran, Neal D; Gabbe, Belinda; Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho; Garcia Basteiro, Alberto L; Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Geleijnse, Johanna M; Gibney, Katherine B; Gillum, Richard F; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed; Giref, Ababi Zergaw; Giroud, Maurice; Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo; Godwin, William W; Gomez Dantes, Hector; Gona, Philimon; Goodridge, Amador; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gotay, Carolyn C; Goto, Atsushi; Gouda, Hebe N; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Vipin; Gutiérrez, Reyna A; Hafezi Nejad, Nima; Haile, Demewoz; Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Halasa, Yara A; Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi; Hamidi, Samer; Hammami, Mouhanad; Handal, Alexis J; Hankey, Graeme J; Harb, Hilda L; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haro, Josep Maria; Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh; Hassen, Tahir Ahmed; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hay, Roderick J; Hedayati, Mohammad T; Heredia Pi, Ileana Beatriz; Heydarpour, Pouria; Hoek, Hans W; Hoffman, Daniel J; Horino, Masako; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hoy, Damian G; Hsairi, Mohamed; Huang, Hsiang; Huang, John J; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Idrisov, Bulat T; Innos, Kaire; Inoue, Manami; Jacobsen, Kathryn H; Jauregui, Alejandra; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Vivekanand; Jiang, Guohong; Jiang, Ying; Jibat, Tariku; Jimenez Corona, Aida; Jin, Ye; Jonas, Jost B; Kabir, Zubair; Kajungu, Dan K; Kalkonde, Yogeshwar; Kamal, Ritul; Kan, Haidong; Kandel, Amit; Karch, André; Karema, Corine Kakizi; Karimkhani, Chante; Kasaeian, Amir; Katibeh, Marzieh; Kaul, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Kazi, Dhruv S; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemp, Andrew Haddon; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khan, Abdur Rahman; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khang, Young Ho; Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Cho il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Yun Jin; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivipelto, Miia; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolte, Dhaval; Kopec, Jacek A; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kuipers, Ernst J; Kumar, G. Anil; Kwan, Gene F; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Larsson, Anders; Latif, Asma Abdul; Lavados, Pablo M; Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz; Leasher, Janet L; Leigh, James; Leung, Ricky; Yichong, Li; Yongmei, Li; Lipshultz, Steven E; Liu, Patrick Y; Liu, Yang; Lloyd, Belinda K; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Looker, Katharine J; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lucas, Robyn M; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A; Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El; Mahdavi, Mahdi; Majdan, Marek; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Marcenes, Wagner; Martinez Raga, Jose; Masiye, Felix; Mason Jones, Amanda J; Matzopoulos, Richard; Mayosi, Bongani M; Mcgrath, John J; Mckee, Martin; Meaney, Peter A; Mehari, Alem; Melaku, Yohannes Adama; Memiah, Peter; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mesfin, Yonatan Moges; Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary; Miller, Ted R; Mills, Edward J; Mirarefin, Mojde; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Mitchell, Philip B; Mock, Charles N; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadi, Alireza; Mohammed, Shafiu; Monasta, Lorenzo; Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez; Montico, Marcella; Moradi Lakeh, Maziar; Mori, Rintaro; Mueller, Ulrich O; Mumford, John Everett; Murdoch, Michele E; Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana; Nachega, Jean B; Naheed, Aliya; Naldi, Luigi; Nangia, Vinay; Newton, John N; Marie, Ng; Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak; Nguyen, Quyen Le; Nisar, Muhammad Imran; Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie; Nolla, Joan M; Norheim, Ole F; Norman, Rosana E; Norrving, Bo; Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; In Hwan, Oh; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olivares, Pedro R; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oren, Eyal; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel; Mahesh, Pa; Park, Eun Kee; Parsaeian, Mahboubeh; Patten, Scott B; Patton, George C; Pedro, João Mário; Pereira, David M; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petzold, Max; Phillips, Michael Robert; Piel, Frédéric B; Pillay, Julian David; Pishgar, Farhad; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Popova, Svetlana; Poulton, Richie G; Pourmalek, Farshad; Prasad, Noela M; Qorbani, Mostafa; Rabiee, Rynaz H. S; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rahimi, Kazem; Rahimi Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Sajjad Ur; Rai, Dheeraj; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajsic, Sasa; Raju, Murugesan; Ram, Usha; Ranganathan, Kavitha; Refaat, Amany H; Reitsma, Marissa B; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Resnikoff, Serge; Reynolds, Alex; Ribeiro, Antonio L; Ricci, Stefano; Roba, Hirbo Shore; Rojas Rueda, David; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roth, Gregory A; Roy, Ambuj; Sackey, Ben Benasco; Sagar, Rajesh; Sanabria, Juan R; Sanchez Niño, Maria Dolores; Santos, Itamar S; Santos, João Vasco; Sarmiento Suarez, Rodrigo; Sartorius, Benn; Satpathy, Maheswar; Savic, Miloje; Sawhney, Monika; Schmidt, Maria Inês; Schneider, Ione J. C; Schutte, Aletta E; Schwebel, David C; Seedat, Soraya; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Servan Mori, Edson E; Shahraz, Saeid; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Sharma, Rajesh; She, Jun; Sheikhbahaei, Sara; Shen, Jiabin; Sheth, Kevin N; Shibuya, Kenji; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Min Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silverberg, Jonathan I; Simard, Edgar P; Singh, Abhishek; Singh, Jasvinder A; Singh, Prashant Kumar; Skirbekk, Vegard; Skogen, Jens Christoffer; Soljak, Michael; Søreide, Kjetil; Sorensen, Reed J. D; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T; Stathopoulou, Vasiliki; Steel, Nicholas; Stein, Dan J; Stein, Murray B; Steiner, Timothy J; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Stranges, Saverio; Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos; Sunguya, Bruno F; Sur, Patrick J; Swaminathan, Soumya; Sykes, Bryan L; Szoeke, Cassandra E. I; Tabarés Seisdedos, Rafael; Tandon, Nikhil; Tanne, David; Tavakkoli, Mohammad; Taye, Bineyam; Taylor, Hugh R; Braden J. Te, Ao; Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw; Tekle, Dejen Yemane; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman; Tessema, Gizachew Assefa; Thakur, J. S.; Thomson, Alan J; Thorne Lyman, Andrew L; Thrift, Amanda G; Thurston, George D; Tobe Gai, Ruoyan; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Tran, Bach Xuan; Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala; Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis; Tura, Abera Kenay; Tuzcu, Emin Murat; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Ukwaja, Kingsley N; Undurraga, Eduardo A; Uneke, Chigozie Jesse; Uthman, Olalekan A; van Gool, Coen H; van Os, Jim; Vasankari, Tommi; Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Violante, Francesco S; Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich; Vollset, Stein Emil; Wagner, Gregory R; Wallin, Mitchell T; Wang, Linhong; Weichenthal, Scott; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert G; Werdecker, Andrea; Westerman, Ronny; Wijeratne, Tissa; Wilkinson, James D; Williams, Hywel C; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret; Wolfe, Charles D. A; Won, Sungho; Gelin, Xu; Yadav, Ajit Kumar; Yakob, Bereket; Yan, Lijing L; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Pengpeng, Ye; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok Jun; Younis, Mustafa Z; Chuanhua, Yu; Zaidi, Zoubida; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; Zeeb, Hajo; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zonies, David; Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna; Vos, Theo; Lopez, Alan D; Murray, Christopher J. L.

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31460-X

Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the S ustainable Development Goals (SDGs). W e aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development.

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 / Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Brown, Jonathan; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C; Charlson, Fiona J; Coates, Matthew M; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J; Erskine, Holly E; Ferrari, Alize J; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W; Goldberg, Ellen M; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A; Johnson, Catherine O; Kemmer, Laura; Khalil, Ibrahim A; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kutz, Michael J; Kyu, Hmwe H; Leung, Janni; Liang, Xiaofeng; Lim, Stephen S; Lozano, Rafael; Mensah, George A; Mikesell, Joe; Mokdad, Ali H; Mooney, Meghan D; Naghavi, Mohsen; Nguyen, Grant; Nsoesie, Elaine; Pigott, David M; Pinho, Christine; Rankin, Zane; Reinig, Nikolas; Salomon, Joshua A; Sandar, Logan; Smith, Alison; Sorensen, Reed J. D; Stanaway, Jeffrey; Steiner, Caitlyn; Teeple, Stephanie; Thomas, Bernadette A; Troeger, Chris; Vanderzanden, Amelia; Wagner, Joseph A; Wanga, Valentine; Whiteford, Harvey A; Zhou, Maigeng; Zoeckler, Leo; Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M; Abd Allah, Foad; Abraham, Biju; Abubakar, Ibrahim; Abu Raddad, Laith J; Abu Rmeileh, Niveen M. E; Achoki, Tom; Ackerman, Ilana N; Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adsuar, José C; Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko; Afshin, Ashkan; Agardh, Emilie Elisabet; Agarwal, Arnav; Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Akseer, Nadia; Al Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Noore K. M; Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed; Alegretti, Miguel Angel; Aleman, Alicia V; Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw; Alexander, Lily T; Ali, Raghib; Alkerwi, Ala'A; Alla, François; Allebeck, Peter; Alsharif, Ubai; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Martin, Elena Alvarez; Alvis Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Azmeraw T; Amberbir, Alemayehu; Amegah, Adeladza Kofi; Amini, Heresh; Ammar, Walid; Amrock, Stephen Marc; Anderson, Gregory M; Anderson, Benjamin O; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Anwari, Palwasha; Ärnlöv, Johan; Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic; Artaman, Al; Asayesh, Hamid; Asghar, Rana Jawad; Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur; Awasthi, Ashish; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Azzopardi, Peter; Bacha, Umar; Badawi, Alaa; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Banerjee, Amitava; Barac, Aleksandra; Barker Collo, Suzanne L; Bärnighausen, Till; Barregard, Lars; Barrero, Lope H; Basu, Sanjay; Bayou, Tigist Assefa; Beardsley, Justin; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Bell, Brent; Bell, Michelle L; Benjet, Corina; Bennett, Derrick A; Bensenor, Isabela M; Berhane, Adugnaw; Bernabé, Eduardo; Betsu, Balem Demtsu; Beyene, Addisu Shunu; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhansali, Anil; Bhatt, Samir; Biadgilign, Sibhatu; Bienhoff, Kelly; Bikbov, Boris; Abdulhak, Aref A. Bin; Bisanzio, Donal; Bjertness, Espen; Blore, Jed D; Borschmann, Rohan; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert R. A; Brainin, Michael; Brazinova, Alexandra; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K; Brugha, Traolach S; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Buckle, Geoffrey Colin; Butt, Zahid A; Calabria, Bianca; Campos Nonato, Ismael Ricardo; Campuzano, Julio Cesar; Carabin, Hélène; Carapetis, Jonathan R; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carrero, Juan Jesus; Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A; Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo; Catalá López, Ferrán; Cavalleri, Fiorella; Chang, Jung Chen; Chiang, Peggy Pei Chia; Chibalabala, Mirriam; Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne; Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe; Choi, Jee Young Jasmine; Choudhury, Lincoln; Christensen, Hanne; Ciobanu, Liliana G; Colistro, Valentina; Colomar, Mercedes; Colquhoun, Samantha M; Cortinovis, Monica; Crump, John A; Damasceno, Albertino; Dandona, Rakhi; Dargan, Paul I; das Neves, José; Davey, Gail; Davis, Adrian C; Leo, Diego De; Degenhardt, Louisa; Gobbo, Liana C. Del; Derrett, Sarah; Jarlais, Don C. Des; Deveber, Gabrielle A; Dharmaratne, Samath D; Dhillon, Preet K; Ding, Eric L; Doyle, Kerrie E; Driscoll, Tim R; Duan, Leilei; Dubey, Manisha; Duncan, Bruce Bartholow; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Ellenbogen, Richard G; Elyazar, Iqbal; Endries, Aman Yesuf; Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich; Eshrati, Babak; Esteghamati, Alireza; Estep, Kara; Fahimi, Saman; Farid, Talha A; Farinha, Carla Sofia e. Sa; Faro, André; Farvid, Maryam S; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feigin, Valery L; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad; Fernandes, Jefferson G; Fernandes, Joao C; Fischer, Florian; Fitchett, Joseph R. A; Foigt, Nataliya; Fowkes, F. Gerry R; Franklin, Richard C; Friedman, Joseph; Frostad, Joseph; Fürst, Thomas; Futran, Neal D; Gabbe, Belinda; Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho; Garcia Basteiro, Alberto L; Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Geleijnse, Johanna M; Gibney, Katherine B; Gillum, Richard F; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed; Giref, Ababi Zergaw; Giroud, Maurice; Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo; Godwin, William W; Gomez Dantes, Hector; Gona, Philimon; Goodridge, Amador; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gotay, Carolyn C; Goto, Atsushi; Gouda, Hebe N; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Vipin; Gutiérrez, Reyna A; Hafezi Nejad, Nima; Haile, Demewoz; Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Halasa, Yara A; Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi; Hamidi, Samer; Hammami, Mouhanad; Handal, Alexis J; Hankey, Graeme J; Harb, Hilda L; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haro, Josep Maria; Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh; Hassen, Tahir Ahmed; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hay, Roderick J; Hedayati, Mohammad T; Heredia Pi, Ileana Beatriz; Heydarpour, Pouria; Hoek, Hans W; Hoffman, Daniel J; Horino, Masako; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hoy, Damian G; Hsairi, Mohamed; Huang, Hsiang; Huang, John J; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Idrisov, Bulat T; Innos, Kaire; Inoue, Manami; Jacobsen, Kathryn H; Jauregui, Alejandra; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Vivekanand; Jiang, Guohong; Jiang, Ying; Jibat, Tariku; Jimenez Corona, Aida; Jin, Ye; Jonas, Jost B; Kabir, Zubair; Kajungu, Dan K; Kalkonde, Yogeshwar; Kamal, Ritul; Kan, Haidong; Kandel, Amit; Karch, André; Karema, Corine Kakizi; Karimkhani, Chante; Kasaeian, Amir; Katibeh, Marzieh; Kaul, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Kazi, Dhruv S; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemp, Andrew Haddon; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khan, Abdur Rahman; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khang, Young Ho; Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Cho il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Yun Jin; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivipelto, Miia; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolte, Dhaval; Kopec, Jacek A; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kuipers, Ernst J; Kumar, G. Anil; Kwan, Gene F; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Larsson, Anders; Latif, Asma Abdul; Lavados, Pablo M; Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz; Leasher, Janet L; Leigh, James; Leung, Ricky; Li, Yichong; Li, Yongmei; Lipshultz, Steven E; Liu, Patrick Y; Liu, Yang; Lloyd, Belinda K; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Looker, Katharine J; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lucas, Robyn M; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A; Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El; Mahdavi, Mahdi; Majdan, Marek; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Marcenes, Wagner; Martinez Raga, Jose; Masiye, Felix; Mason Jones, Amanda J; Matzopoulos, Richard; Mayosi, Bongani M; Mcgrath, John J; Mckee, Martin; Meaney, Peter A; Mehari, Alem; Melaku, Yohannes Adama; Memiah, Peter; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mesfin, Yonatan Moges; Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary; Miller, Ted R; Mills, Edward J; Mirarefin, Mojde; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Mitchell, Philip B; Mock, Charles N; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadi, Alireza; Mohammed, Shafiu; Monasta, Lorenzo; Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez; Montico, Marcella; Moradi Lakeh, Maziar; Mori, Rintaro; Mueller, Ulrich O; Mumford, John Everett; Murdoch, Michele E; Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana; Nachega, Jean B; Naheed, Aliya; Naldi, Luigi; Nangia, Vinay; Newton, John N; Ng, Marie; Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak; Nguyen, Quyen Le; Nisar, Muhammad Imran; Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie; Nolla, Joan M; Norheim, Ole F; Norman, Rosana E; Norrving, Bo; Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In Hwan; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olivares, Pedro R; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oren, Eyal; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel; Pa, Mahesh; Park, Eun Kee; Parsaeian, Mahboubeh; Patten, Scott B; Patton, George C; Pedro, João Mário; Pereira, David M; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petzold, Max; Phillips, Michael Robert; Piel, Frédéric B; Pillay, Julian David; Pishgar, Farhad; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Popova, Svetlana; Poulton, Richie G; Pourmalek, Farshad; Prasad, Noela M; Qorbani, Mostafa; Rabiee, Rynaz H. 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