Craniofacial morphology and airflow in children with primary snoring

OBJECTIVE: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is among the most common diseases and includes a group of pathological conditions that form a severity continuum from primary snoring (PS) to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). SDB presents a multifactorial etiology and in children, it is often linked to adenotonsillar hypertrophy, which may lead to an alteration of the breathing pattern. Therefore, several studies hinted at the existence of a correlation between SDB and the alteration of craniofacial growth. However, these studies concentrated on the most severe forms of SDB and little evidence still exists for the mildest form of SDB, namely PS. This preliminary study investigates the association between nasal airflow, measured through rhinomanometry, and cephalometric parameters in a sample of young children with PS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sample of 30 children with habitual snoring aged between 5 and 8 years was selected by a SDB validated questionnaire at the Pediatric Allergology and Immunology Center of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. To assess the degree of nasal obstruction, all children underwent anterior active rhinomanometry while nocturnal pulse oximetry and polysomnography were used to characterize the SDB. Cephalometric analysis was used to evaluate relevant orthodontic parameters associated to the sagittal and vertical craniofacial development and to the position of the hyoid bone. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant association between the Frankfurt mandibular angle (FMA), which measures the total facial vertical divergence, and the severity of the airflow's obstruction (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The present study supports the association between the level of nasal obstruction in children with PS and the alteration of cephalometric parameters associated with the vertical craniofacial growth, thus placing the evaluation of craniofacial parameters in the growth period in a privileged position to determine an early diagnosis of a possible insurgence of sleep disorders.