The era we are living calls us to face the environmental and urban issues. As the main source of greenhouse emissions and energy consumption, cities are as well the most vulnerable places as for the effects of climate change and energy scarcity. In densely built urban areas, this condition is exacerbated by the urban heat island effect, which causes higher air temperatures in urban areas than in the rural areas. Understanding the complex physical interaction between the building and the urban context is therefore a preliminary knowledge necessary to steer the urban transformation processes towards more sustainable cities. The thesis investigates the relationship between urban morphology, heat island effect and energy demand in the Mediterranean climate. A set of analysis tools is presented, in order to highlight the direct and indirect relationships between the morphological parameters of the urban textures and the climatic and energetic performance at local scale. The results are based on experimental and computational, as applied to two main fields of investigation: the average intensity of the heat island in Rome and Barcelona and the variability of the climatic and energetic performance related to the urban morphology. The experimental study of the heat island intensity was conducted by comparing the temperature data observed at different weather stations and the measurements taken at street level. The phenomenon is significant in both cities. At the street level, higher temperatures are recorded during the day, with an average maximum heat island intensity of more than 4 °C, both in winter and in summer. At roof level temperatures are lower, especially in summer, when the sea breeze moderates the phenomenon intensity. The variability of heat island according to the different urban morphologies has been investigated through the “Urban Weather Generator” model, using a representative sample of urban textures as case studies. The analysis of the results shows two distinct relationships between the morphological parameters of urban textures and the summer and winter climatic performance. In winter the heat island is more intense in the urban morphologies characterized by a high “density of horizontal surfaces”, in summer in those with high “density of vertical surfaces”. Then, the energy performance of the urban textures was evaluated by means of EnergyPlus software; the obstruction of the solar radiation and the heat island effect determined by the urban context were both taken into account. In the Mediterranean climate, these two effects tend to balance out when the density of the urban texture reaches threshold values (site coverage ratio about 0.4, façade-to-site ratio about 1.6) ; beyond these values it is possible to take advantage of both the heat island effect on the heating demand and the radiation obstruction on the cooling demand, achieving a good performance throughout the year. As a result, it can be argued that a rather dense and compact urban layout may help to reduce energy demand in the Mediterranean climate, proving the validity of the principles of vernacular architecture and the efficiency of “density” in such a climatic context. The many relationships found between the morphological parameters and the performance at local scale provide a fast and operative analysis tool for the recognition of the climatic and energetic vulnerability in the urban areas, based on readily available data. Further works would allow the identification of adequate design guidelines for energy renewal in each urban context, in order to direct the work of designers and planners toward more sustainable urban systems.

L’epoca che stiamo vivendo ci chiama al confronto con la questione ambientale ed urbana. Le città, che rappresentano la fonte principale delle emissioni e del consumo delle risorse non rinnovabili, sono anche il luogo di maggior vulnerabilità rispetto ai rischi connessi al cambio climatico ed alla questione energetica. Nelle aree urbane densamente costruite, tale condizione è ulteriormente aggravata dall’effetto dell’isola di calore, che comporta un aumento della temperatura dell’aria rispetto alle zone non urbanizzate. La comprensione della complessità dei fenomeni fisici-energetici che si instaurano tra l’edificio ed il contesto rappresenta pertanto una base conoscitiva indispensabile per indirizzare processi di trasformazione urbana verso modelli di maggiore sostenibilità. La tesi di dottorato indaga le relazioni tra morfologia urbana, isola di calore e domanda energetica in clima Mediterraneo, presentando un insieme di strumenti di analisi che evidenziano le relazioni, dirette e indirette, tra i caratteri morfologici dei tessuti edilizi e la prestazione climatica ed energetica a scala locale. I risultati conseguiti si basano su analisi sperimentali e modellazioni che riguardano due ambiti principali di indagine: l’intensità media di isola di calore a Roma e Barcellona e la variazione della prestazione climatica ed energetica in funzione della morfologia dei tessuti edilizi. Lo studio sperimentale dell’isola di calore è stato condotto mediante comparazione di dati di temperatura osservati a diverse stazioni meteorologiche e con misurazioni alla quota stradale. Il fenomeno risulta rilevante in entrambe le città. Alla quota stradale le temperature sono maggiori durante il giorno, con un’intensità media massima di isola di calore di oltre 4°C sia in inverno che in estate. Alla quota dei tetti il fenomeno è più moderato, soprattutto in estate, grazie all’effetto mitigatore della brezza marina. La variabilità dell’isola di calore in funzione della morfologia dell’edificato è stata studiata attraverso modellazioni con il software Urban Weather Generator, basate su un campione rappresentativo di tessuti urbani. L’analisi dei risultati evidenzia due relazioni distinte tra i parametri morfologici dei tessuti edilizi e la prestazione climatica estiva ed invernale. In inverno l’isola di calore è più intensa nei tessuti caratterizzati da un elevato grado di “densità di superfici orizzontali”, in estate in quelli con maggiore “densità di superfici verticali”. Mediante modellazioni energetiche con il software Energyplus, è stata inoltre valutata la performance energetica dei tessuti edilizi, tenendo in considerazione il grado di ostruzione della radiazione solare e l’effetto di isola di calore indotti dal contesto. Nel clima mediterraneo, questi due effetti tendano a bilanciarsi quando la densità del tessuto raggiunge dei valori di soglia (rapporto di copertura circa 0.4 e rapporto di facciata circa 1.6), oltre i quali è possibile beneficiare dell’isola di calore sulla domanda di riscaldamento e dell’ostruzione della radiazione solare sulla domanda di raffrescamento, ottenendo una buona performance durante tutto l’anno. Si può pertanto affermare che una struttura urbana sufficientemente densa e compatta contribuisca a contenere la domanda energetica in clima Mediterraneo, comprovando la validità delle strategie messe in campo dall’architettura vernacolare presente in tale contesto climatico. Più in generale, in conclusione, l’insieme delle relazioni individuate si configura come uno strumento speditivo d’indagine urbana, utile per la redazione di mappe di vulnerabilità climatica ed energetica sulla base di dati facilmente reperibili e misurabili. Ulteriori sviluppi della ricerca consentirebbero l’individuazione di linee guida di intervento adeguate a ciascun contesto urbano, in maniera tale da favorire l’efficacia del lavoro di progettisti e pianificatori verso la diminuzione dell’impatto energetico ed ambientale della città esistente

La città compatta in clima Mediterraneo: isola di calore, morfologia e sostenibilità / Salvati, Agnese. - STAMPA. - (2016).

La città compatta in clima Mediterraneo: isola di calore, morfologia e sostenibilità

SALVATI, AGNESE
01/01/2016

Abstract

The era we are living calls us to face the environmental and urban issues. As the main source of greenhouse emissions and energy consumption, cities are as well the most vulnerable places as for the effects of climate change and energy scarcity. In densely built urban areas, this condition is exacerbated by the urban heat island effect, which causes higher air temperatures in urban areas than in the rural areas. Understanding the complex physical interaction between the building and the urban context is therefore a preliminary knowledge necessary to steer the urban transformation processes towards more sustainable cities. The thesis investigates the relationship between urban morphology, heat island effect and energy demand in the Mediterranean climate. A set of analysis tools is presented, in order to highlight the direct and indirect relationships between the morphological parameters of the urban textures and the climatic and energetic performance at local scale. The results are based on experimental and computational, as applied to two main fields of investigation: the average intensity of the heat island in Rome and Barcelona and the variability of the climatic and energetic performance related to the urban morphology. The experimental study of the heat island intensity was conducted by comparing the temperature data observed at different weather stations and the measurements taken at street level. The phenomenon is significant in both cities. At the street level, higher temperatures are recorded during the day, with an average maximum heat island intensity of more than 4 °C, both in winter and in summer. At roof level temperatures are lower, especially in summer, when the sea breeze moderates the phenomenon intensity. The variability of heat island according to the different urban morphologies has been investigated through the “Urban Weather Generator” model, using a representative sample of urban textures as case studies. The analysis of the results shows two distinct relationships between the morphological parameters of urban textures and the summer and winter climatic performance. In winter the heat island is more intense in the urban morphologies characterized by a high “density of horizontal surfaces”, in summer in those with high “density of vertical surfaces”. Then, the energy performance of the urban textures was evaluated by means of EnergyPlus software; the obstruction of the solar radiation and the heat island effect determined by the urban context were both taken into account. In the Mediterranean climate, these two effects tend to balance out when the density of the urban texture reaches threshold values (site coverage ratio about 0.4, façade-to-site ratio about 1.6) ; beyond these values it is possible to take advantage of both the heat island effect on the heating demand and the radiation obstruction on the cooling demand, achieving a good performance throughout the year. As a result, it can be argued that a rather dense and compact urban layout may help to reduce energy demand in the Mediterranean climate, proving the validity of the principles of vernacular architecture and the efficiency of “density” in such a climatic context. The many relationships found between the morphological parameters and the performance at local scale provide a fast and operative analysis tool for the recognition of the climatic and energetic vulnerability in the urban areas, based on readily available data. Further works would allow the identification of adequate design guidelines for energy renewal in each urban context, in order to direct the work of designers and planners toward more sustainable urban systems.
2016
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/876668
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