Volume integrated phase modulator based on funnel waveguides for reconfigurable miniaturized optical circuits

We demonstrate the integration of a miniaturized 30 μm × 30 μm × 2.7 mm electro-optic phase modulator operating in the near-IR (λ = 980 nm) based on the electro-activation of a funnel waveguide inside a paraelectric sample of photorefractive potassium lithium tantalate niobate. The modulator forms a basic tassel in the realization of miniaturized reconfigurable optical circuits embedded in a single solid-state three-dimensional chip.