Energetic and nutritional supplies in the swimmers (Fabbisogni energetici e nutrizionali dei nuotatori)

The large volume of intensive training of elite swimmers imposes a big demand on energy supply. The energy requirement of a swimmers who train 4h-day-1 correspond to 16.8-22.6 MJ (4000-5000 kcal) for males and 14.2-16.8 MJ ( 3400-4000 kcal) for females. Generally males tend to remain in energy balance (-30% of energy expenditure). Carbohydrate needs correspond to those suggested for athletes with moderate to high intensity exercise sessions ( 7-10 g-kg-1 body mass).Chronic glycogen depletion can occur among competitive swimmers because of intensive training. Protein needs are slightly higher than those of other sport athletes ( 1.5-2.0 g-kg-1 body mass.). Evidence of iron, calcium and zinc deficiencies are often observed in female swimmers. Swimmers should pay attention to assume sufficient amount of water and antioxidants.