Neoadjuvant chemoradiation with concomitant boost radiotherapy associated to capecitabine in rectal cancer patients

The primary end-points were complete pathological response and local control. Secondary end-points were survivals, anal sphincter preservation, and toxicity profile.Patients with T3/T4 and or N+ rectal cancer (n = 65) were treated with preoperative concomitant boost radiotherapy (55 Gy/25 fractions) associated to concurrent chemotherapy with oral capecitabine.All patients completed the programmed treatment. The complete pathological response was achieved by 17 \% of the patients. Anal sphincter preservation surgery was possible for 86 \% of the patients with low rectal cancer (≤ 5 cm from the anal verge). The T-stage and N-stage downstaging were achieved by 40 and 58 \% of the patients, respectively. Circumferential radial margin was involved (close/positive) in eight patients. After a median follow-up of 26 months, local and distant recurrence occurred in two and 11 patients, respectively. The 3-year overall survival and disease-free survival were 86.8 and 81 \%, respectively. Non-hematological ≥ grade 3 toxicities were observed in 15 \% of the patients. On univariate analysis N-downstaging and positive circumferential radial margin were significantly associated with worse overall survival (p = 0.003 and p = 0.023, respectively), disease-free survival (p = 0.001 and p = 0.036, respectively), and metastasis-free survival (MFS) (p = 0.001 and p = 0.038, respectively).On multivariate analysis, the N-downstaging were significantly associated with better overall survival (OS) (p = 0.022).Our data support the efficacy of preoperative treatment for rectal cancer in terms of local outcomes. Radiation treatment intensification may have a biological rationale; longer follow-up is needed.