This contribution will focus on studies concerning the art of défilement of fortifications; in particular it will analyse the issues and events which made this military technique one of the first chapters of Descriptive Geometry. In the eighteenth century the remarkable range of new firearms had reached new heights, making défilement the trait d’union between the fortification and its immediate surroundings. As such it represents one of the first structured attempts to develop a detailed study involving the design features of fortifications and large-scale representation methods. This is the context in which the age-old problem of how to defend fortifications was analysed and tackled by the École du Génie de Mézières. Although the new approach developed by the School was based on studies by Vauban and Cormontaigne, it also identified their main flaws, emphasising the need to not only separate the study of défilement from empirical solutions but also tackle it theoretically using graphic analyses carried out ‘on the drawing board’. Studies by Nicolas-François-Antoine de Chastillon moved in this direction. Chastillon was the first commandant of the School of Mézières, founded in 1748, to train the military engineers responsible for rapidly solving problems involving wartime equipment and materials. The radical change in approach to défilement imposed by Chastillon makes this military technique one of the first practical opportunities to use drawing to verify a series of operations which later became actions performed in real space; it also applying a graphic solution to very serious problems of territorial management, building, and wartime equipment. So ever since the foundation of the École Royale du Génie, défilement paved the way for this new science of scientific representation, together with the study of wood and stone stereotomy.
Questo contributo intende riprendere le fila dello studio del défilement delle fortificazioni analizzando, in particolare, gli aspetti e le contingenze che hanno fatto di questa tecnica militare uno dei primi capitoli della Geometria descrittiva. Considerando la notevole gittata delle nuove armi da fuoco, nel Settecento la soluzione al problema del défilement si pone come trait d’union tra la fortificazione e il territorio circostante e, come tale, rappresenta uno dei primi sforzi organizzati e mirati in direzione di uno studio dettagliato che coinvolge sia le caratteristiche progettuali dell’edificio, sia le modalità per la rappresentazione a grande scala. Questo è il contesto in cui il problema antico della difesa delle fortificazioni viene analizzato e affrontato all’interno dell'École du Génie de Mézières, dove si mette a punto un approccio nuovo, che, pur derivando con continuità dagli studi di Vauban e Cormontaigne, ne evidenzia i principali difetti sottolineando la necessità di svincolare lo studio del défilement da soluzioni empiriche, per affrontarlo invece sul piano teorico per mezzo di indagini grafiche condotte a tavolino. In questa direzione vanno gli studi di Nicolas-François-Antoine de Chastillon, Primo Comandante della Scuola di Mézières, fondata nel 1748 per la formazione di personale tecnico in grado di affrontare velocemente le questioni legate ai lavori bellici. Il radicale spostamento del punto di vista sul défilement imposto da Chastillon fa di questa tecnica militare una delle prime occasioni pratiche di verificare per mezzo del disegno una serie di operazioni che si tradurranno in seguito in azioni condotte nello spazio reale, imponendo una risoluzione grafica a problemi non indifferenti di gestione del territorio, dell’edificio, delle strumentazioni belliche, aprendo la strada, fin dall’istituzione dell’École du Génie, alla nuova scienza della rappresentazione scientifica, a fianco dello studio della stereotomia del legno e della pietra.
Nicolas-François-Antoine de Chastillon: the défilement of fortifications at the roots of Descriptive Geometry / Carlevaris, Anna Laura. - In: NEXUS NETWORK JOURNAL. - ISSN 1590-5896. - ELETTRONICO. - 16, n. 3:2014(2014), pp. 631-652. [10.1007/s00004-014-0217-5]
Nicolas-François-Antoine de Chastillon: the défilement of fortifications at the roots of Descriptive Geometry
CARLEVARIS, Anna Laura
2014
Abstract
This contribution will focus on studies concerning the art of défilement of fortifications; in particular it will analyse the issues and events which made this military technique one of the first chapters of Descriptive Geometry. In the eighteenth century the remarkable range of new firearms had reached new heights, making défilement the trait d’union between the fortification and its immediate surroundings. As such it represents one of the first structured attempts to develop a detailed study involving the design features of fortifications and large-scale representation methods. This is the context in which the age-old problem of how to defend fortifications was analysed and tackled by the École du Génie de Mézières. Although the new approach developed by the School was based on studies by Vauban and Cormontaigne, it also identified their main flaws, emphasising the need to not only separate the study of défilement from empirical solutions but also tackle it theoretically using graphic analyses carried out ‘on the drawing board’. Studies by Nicolas-François-Antoine de Chastillon moved in this direction. Chastillon was the first commandant of the School of Mézières, founded in 1748, to train the military engineers responsible for rapidly solving problems involving wartime equipment and materials. The radical change in approach to défilement imposed by Chastillon makes this military technique one of the first practical opportunities to use drawing to verify a series of operations which later became actions performed in real space; it also applying a graphic solution to very serious problems of territorial management, building, and wartime equipment. So ever since the foundation of the École Royale du Génie, défilement paved the way for this new science of scientific representation, together with the study of wood and stone stereotomy.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.