Aim. The cosmetic additives are components of non-medicinal products intended for cleansing, protection or fragrance of the external surfaces or mucous membranes of the body. Although the topical application of cosmetics is considered almost safe, the risk of toxic reactions to exposure to these products is increased by the high consumption and the possibility that some ingredients, absorbed through the skin, may produce systemic effects. In order to preserve the well-being of the consumer, it is necessary to study the toxicity profile of cosmetic additives, in particular, genotoxicity study is required in order to predict the potential risk of carcinogenesis. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the potential genotoxic effects of some additives used not only in products for personal care, but also for the health of the environment. Among these, have been studied the α-esilcinnamaldeide (HCA), the butylphenyl metilpropionale ( BPMP, Lilial) and cyclohexane idrossimetilpentil carbossialdeide (lyral), for which are not currently available in the literature data of genotoxicity. Methodologies. The genotoxicity study was carried out by using the Ames test, in 2 strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, in accordance with the OECD guidelines. In the assay has also been introduced an exogenous metabolic activation system (S9) able to mimic the in vitro metabolism of the substance, in vivo mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Results. Concentrations of HCA, and BPMP and lyral greater than 500 μg/plate were cytotoxic (determined as a reduction of the number of spontaneous revertants colonies and the thinning of the bottom of the carpet) in all bacterial strains of S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and E. coli WP2uvrA. In the range of non-toxic concentrations ( 1-500 μg/plate), the substances tested did not result in any increase in the number of spontaneous revertant colonies, in the tested strains, both in the absence and presence of S9, resulting, therefore, not mutagenic. Conversely, the known mutagens, 2-nitrofluorene, sodium azide, methyl methanesulfonate and 2-aminoanthracene were genotoxic. Discussion. HCA, BPMP and lyral were not mutagenic on the strains TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA at non-toxic concentrations. We found no mutagenic effects even in the presence of S9, leaving exclude the possibility that genotoxic metabolites could be produced by CYP450-metabolic activation. Conclusions. Considering the limited number of studies on additives for cosmetics and the high human exposure, the absence of genotoxic effects of HCA, BPMP and lyral is a first step in the characterization of their safety and encourages further studies, by testing in eukaryotic cells and animal models.
Obiettivi. Gli additivi cosmetici sono componenti di prodotti non medicinali destinati alla detersione, protezione o profumazione di superfici esterne o mucose del corpo. Sebbene l’applicazione topica dei cosmetici sia ritenuta pressoché sicura, il rischio di reazioni tossiche per esposizione a tali prodotti è incrementato dall’elevato consumo e dalla possibilità che alcuni ingredienti, assorbiti attraverso la cute, possano produrre effetti sistemici.1 Al fine di preservare lo stato di benessere del consumatore, è necessario lo studio del profilo di tossicità degli additivi cosmetici; in particolare, studio di genotossicità sono richiesti al fine di predire un potenziale rischio di cancerogenesi. In questo contesto, scopo del presente lavoro è stato studiare i potenziali effetti genotossici di alcuni additivi utilizzati non solo in prodotti per la cura personale ma anche per l’igiene degli ambienti. Tra questi, sono stati studiati l’α-esilcinnamaldeide (HCA), il butilfenil metilpropionale (BPMP, Lilial) e l’idrossimetilpentil cicloesano carbossialdeide (Lyral), per i quali non sono al momento disponibili in letteratura dati di genotossicità. Metodologie. Lo studio di genotossicità è stato condotto in vitro mediante il test di Ames,2 nei ceppi batterici di Salmonella typhimurium TA98 e TA100 ed Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, in accordo con le indicazioni delle agenzie regolatorie (OECD Guideline). Nel test è stato introdotto anche un sistema di attivazione metabolica esogena (S9), capace di mimare in vitro il metabolismo della sostanza, mediato in vivo dagli enzimi del citocromo P450. Risultati. Concentrazioni di HCA, BPMP e Lyral superiori a 500 μg/plate erano citotossiche in tutti i ceppi batterici di S. typhimurium TA98 e TA100 e di E. coli WP2uvrA, in quanto determinavano una riduzione del numero di colonie revertenti spontanee ed il diradamento del tappeto di fondo. Nel range di concentrazioni non tossiche (1-500 μg/plate), le sostanze saggiate non determinavano alcun incremento del numero di colonie revertenti spontanee, nei ceppi saggiati, sia in assenza che in presenza di S9, risultando, pertanto, non mutagene. Di contro i mutageni di riferimento, 2-nitrofluorene, sodio azide, metil metansulfonato e 2-aminoantracene erano genotossici. Discussione. HCA, BPMP e Lyral erano non mutagene sui ceppi di TA98, TA100 e WP2uvrA, a concentrazioni non tossiche. Effetti mutageni non si evidenziavano nemmeno in presenza di S9, lasciando escludere la possibilità che metaboliti genotossici potessero essere prodotti per attivazione metabolica mediata dal CYP450. Conclusioni. Considerando il limitato numero di studi sugli additivi cosmetici e l’elevata esposizione umana, l’assenza di effetti genotossici di HCA, BPMP e Lyral rappresenta un primo step nella caratterizzazione della loro sicurezza di impiego ed incoraggia ulteriori studi, mediante test in cellule eucariote e modelli animali.
Sicurezza di impiego di additivi alimentari e cosmetici in studi in vitro di genotossicità / DI SOTTO, Antonella; DI GIACOMO, Silvia; Mazzanti, Gabriela. - (2012).
Sicurezza di impiego di additivi alimentari e cosmetici in studi in vitro di genotossicità
DI SOTTO, ANTONELLA;DI GIACOMO, SILVIA;MAZZANTI, Gabriela
2012
Abstract
Aim. The cosmetic additives are components of non-medicinal products intended for cleansing, protection or fragrance of the external surfaces or mucous membranes of the body. Although the topical application of cosmetics is considered almost safe, the risk of toxic reactions to exposure to these products is increased by the high consumption and the possibility that some ingredients, absorbed through the skin, may produce systemic effects. In order to preserve the well-being of the consumer, it is necessary to study the toxicity profile of cosmetic additives, in particular, genotoxicity study is required in order to predict the potential risk of carcinogenesis. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the potential genotoxic effects of some additives used not only in products for personal care, but also for the health of the environment. Among these, have been studied the α-esilcinnamaldeide (HCA), the butylphenyl metilpropionale ( BPMP, Lilial) and cyclohexane idrossimetilpentil carbossialdeide (lyral), for which are not currently available in the literature data of genotoxicity. Methodologies. The genotoxicity study was carried out by using the Ames test, in 2 strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, in accordance with the OECD guidelines. In the assay has also been introduced an exogenous metabolic activation system (S9) able to mimic the in vitro metabolism of the substance, in vivo mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Results. Concentrations of HCA, and BPMP and lyral greater than 500 μg/plate were cytotoxic (determined as a reduction of the number of spontaneous revertants colonies and the thinning of the bottom of the carpet) in all bacterial strains of S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and E. coli WP2uvrA. In the range of non-toxic concentrations ( 1-500 μg/plate), the substances tested did not result in any increase in the number of spontaneous revertant colonies, in the tested strains, both in the absence and presence of S9, resulting, therefore, not mutagenic. Conversely, the known mutagens, 2-nitrofluorene, sodium azide, methyl methanesulfonate and 2-aminoanthracene were genotoxic. Discussion. HCA, BPMP and lyral were not mutagenic on the strains TA98, TA100 and WP2uvrA at non-toxic concentrations. We found no mutagenic effects even in the presence of S9, leaving exclude the possibility that genotoxic metabolites could be produced by CYP450-metabolic activation. Conclusions. Considering the limited number of studies on additives for cosmetics and the high human exposure, the absence of genotoxic effects of HCA, BPMP and lyral is a first step in the characterization of their safety and encourages further studies, by testing in eukaryotic cells and animal models.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.