Economic and social disparities have long determined, and still influence, the development of countries that form part of the EU. The evolution of these disparities over time and geographic space has been the subject of in-depth studies (Barro and Sala-i-Martin 1991, Cuadrado Roura 2001, De La Fuente 2000, Leonardi 1998, Krugman and Venables 1990, Quah 1995, Rodriguez-Pose 2004, etc.) which, in addition to analysing the causes and effects of intra- and interregional economic imbalances, also examine the impact that the process of European integration has had on these inequalities. From an economic point of view, this integration, which has been characterised by a reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers, has enabled a significant increase in trade between various countries and has led to the establishment not only of a Single European Market, but also of a single area in which businesses and capital may circulate with relative ease. Yet while the positive effects generated by the integration process (such as improved allocation of resources, economies of scale, price reductions and so on) are evident on an aggregated level, leading to a conviction that European integration fosters economic development, it is also clear that openness to international trade and the removal of protections has exposed regions (and businesses) to greater competition (resulting in product specialisation and differentiation, spatial concentration of productive activities etc.) and will therefore have selective effects on them. The question is, hence, whether all European countries and regions are benefiting equally from the process of integration, or whether, on the contrary, this process is facilitating the development of certain territories at the expense of others. More generally, questions also arise regarding the effects that this integration has produced on the economic geography of Europe. The aim of this research is to trace the evolution through time of regional disparities and economic imbalances, both at the level of the European Union and within its various member states, and to verify the existence and extent of any economic convergence or polarisation processes between regions using appropriate statistical tools (including parametric and non-parametric indicators). Usually, analyses of spatial economic polarisation are based on a decomposition of per capita income inequality measures into between-group inequality and within-group inequality of neighbouring localities. Given that the methodology adopted in the choice of spatial partition, collection of data and grouping of localities impacts on the decomposition, it was decided to combine non-parametric survey methods with a spatial analysis approach. This involves an analysis based on the use of the I-Moran autocorrelation index, which represents the more traditional indicator of spatial interdependence. This approach enables to identify a global trend and significant geographical concentration of European regions similar in terms of GDP per capita, income, productivity and so on. Hence, the intention - through the use of statistical and cartographic analysis tools, is to quantify and evaluate the salient and problematic aspects that characterise territorial imbalances, over a period of time (from the mid-1970s till today) which is capable of yielding possible keys to understanding the configuration of the European economic space going beyond traditional core-periphery or North-South models, and which enables the dynamics of the disparities to be interpreted. In particular, by using different size and shape of spatial units of investigation, it was decided to estimate some indicators (Gini coefficient, statistical dispersion, variability, heterogeneity, regional specialization, spatial concentration, etc.) and to reconstruct their variability on historical series, both at the level of the European Union and within its various member States and administrative regions (Nuts II). The adopted approach was the ‘geographical multi-scalar’, rather than finding the most appropriate scale or technique to analyze the evolution of imbalances. Therefore, it was decided to compare the results of tests carried out at different scales and with different methods. As a consequence, the study offers some reflections on methodological and interpretive issues typical of the geographical analysis of the spatial economics data. In particular, these considerations concern the choice of the geographical scale of observation of the phenomenon, the selection of spatial units - size, shape and Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) -, the nature of spatial economics data used, the spatial autocorrelation between the elements studied, and so on. The tests carried out have given evidence of the character of deep heterogeneity of the European geographical space. It was clear that the existence of large regional economic disparities is a long-term constant. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the economic geography of the European Union has undergone major changes and over the years there has been a reduction in the economic gap between ‘central European regions’ and the ‘periphery’ of this specific ‘portion’ of Europe (UE-12). As a result, between 1977 and 2005, it was possible to observe a convergence process between European regions. Finally, the analysis performed using the Gini coefficient and the I-Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index confirmed the convergence hypothesis at the supranational, national and regional levels.

Lo studio degli squilibri economici regionali ha alimentato negli corso degli ultimi decenni una vasta letteratura teorica ed empirica, ciò nonostante, i contributi volti ad analizzare cause ed effetti di tali disparità e le possibili ricadute che il processo di integrazione europea ha su di esse non offrono interpretazioni univoche. Il lavoro di ricerca si inserisce in questo quadro con l’obiettivo di tracciare l’evoluzione, negli anni che vanno dal 1977 al 2005, dei divari regionali e degli squilibri economici a livello di Unione europea (UE-12) e all’interno dei singoli Stati che la compongono (Belgio, Danimarca, Germania federale, Grecia, Spagna, Francia, Irlanda, Italia, Lussemburgo, Paesi Bassi, Portogallo e Regno Unito), tenendo conto dei riflessi che questi hanno sul processo di integrazione e cercando di proporre una lettura geografica che tenesse in considerazione le modificazioni in atto a scala europea, nazionale e regionale. Le variabili considerate hanno fatto riferimento prevalentemente al Prodotto Interno Lordo per abitante ma si è deciso di arricchire l’indagine con informazioni relative alle dinamiche demografiche, occupazionali e produttive delle regioni europee considerate. Questo, per due principali ordini di motivazioni. Da un lato, per ottenere delle rappresentazioni degli squilibri che andassero al di là della sola considerazione del Prodotto pro-capite, e dall’altro, per considerare, unitamente ai processi di convergenza e divergenza tra regioni, anche il fenomeno strettamente connesso delle dinamiche di specializzazione regionale. In termini di analisi, mediante l’uso di differenti unità di indagine, si è deciso di stimare alcuni indicatori (di concentrazione economica, di eterogeneità, di specializzazione produttiva, di autocorrelazione spaziale, ecc.) e ricostruirne la variabilità nel tempo. In tal senso, piuttosto che focalizzarsi su una particolare partizione territoriale (paese o regione), o su una specifica tecnica di misurazione, si è deciso di confrontare i risultati delle analisi effettuate alle diverse scale e con i diversi metodi anche al fine di riflettere su alcune specifiche problematiche che sorgono nell’ambito di analisi di questo tipo: scelta della scala geografica di osservazione del fenomeno, selezione delle partizioni territoriali assunte come unità di indagine, tipologia dei dati spaziali utilizzati, autocorrelazione spaziale degli elementi studiati, ecc. Le analisi svolte, da un lato hanno dato evidenza del carattere di profonda eterogeneità dello spazio geografico europeo, dall’altro hanno confermato la graduale riduzione del divario esistente fra le regioni del centro e quelle della periferia. Le regioni che nel corso degli anni settanta hanno subito i maggiori colpi dei processi di deindustrializzazione, seppur con tassi di crescita decisamente più contenuti rispetto al passato, sembra infatti abbiano saputo offrire le giuste risposte ai cambiamenti imposti dall’integrazione, soprattutto quelle che accolgono importanti e dinamici centri urbani. Parallelamente a ciò, alcune regioni un tempo definite “periferiche” sembra abbiano saputo approfittare del processo di integrazione in atto alla scala europea divenendo destinatarie di crescenti investimenti in attività prevalentemente ad alta intensità di lavoro. Un altro gruppo di regioni invece, in particolare un’estesa porzione del Mezzogiorno italiano, le regioni greche più arretrate e parte del Portogallo, hanno subito negativamente gli effetti di tali cambiamenti non riuscendo a fornire condizioni adeguate all’attrazione di investimenti che sono invece confluiti altrove. I risultati della ricerca sembrano quindi smentire alcune ipotesi deterministiche che, in alcuni casi, considerano l’integrazione economica e commerciale di per sé come un’opportunità di crescita per le regioni periferiche, e in altri casi la associano indiscriminatamente all’accentuazione delle tendenze polarizzanti e alla crescita degli squilibri. Entrambi gli esiti sono in teoria possibili. Il risultato netto dipende anche da circostanze esogene e soprattutto endogene, di tipo economico e politico, specifiche di ciascuna regione, che non è possibile sintetizzare all’interno di uno schema interpretativo, ed in virtù delle quali il processo di integrazione europea determina inedite opportunità di crescita in alcune regioni periferiche particolarmente dinamiche, condannando le altre ad una persistenza arretratezza.

Gli squilibri regionali in Europa: tecniche di analisi spaziale, dinamiche evolutive ed ipotesi interpretative / Sanna, VENERE STEFANIA. - STAMPA. - (2009).

Gli squilibri regionali in Europa: tecniche di analisi spaziale, dinamiche evolutive ed ipotesi interpretative

SANNA, VENERE STEFANIA
01/01/2009

Abstract

Economic and social disparities have long determined, and still influence, the development of countries that form part of the EU. The evolution of these disparities over time and geographic space has been the subject of in-depth studies (Barro and Sala-i-Martin 1991, Cuadrado Roura 2001, De La Fuente 2000, Leonardi 1998, Krugman and Venables 1990, Quah 1995, Rodriguez-Pose 2004, etc.) which, in addition to analysing the causes and effects of intra- and interregional economic imbalances, also examine the impact that the process of European integration has had on these inequalities. From an economic point of view, this integration, which has been characterised by a reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers, has enabled a significant increase in trade between various countries and has led to the establishment not only of a Single European Market, but also of a single area in which businesses and capital may circulate with relative ease. Yet while the positive effects generated by the integration process (such as improved allocation of resources, economies of scale, price reductions and so on) are evident on an aggregated level, leading to a conviction that European integration fosters economic development, it is also clear that openness to international trade and the removal of protections has exposed regions (and businesses) to greater competition (resulting in product specialisation and differentiation, spatial concentration of productive activities etc.) and will therefore have selective effects on them. The question is, hence, whether all European countries and regions are benefiting equally from the process of integration, or whether, on the contrary, this process is facilitating the development of certain territories at the expense of others. More generally, questions also arise regarding the effects that this integration has produced on the economic geography of Europe. The aim of this research is to trace the evolution through time of regional disparities and economic imbalances, both at the level of the European Union and within its various member states, and to verify the existence and extent of any economic convergence or polarisation processes between regions using appropriate statistical tools (including parametric and non-parametric indicators). Usually, analyses of spatial economic polarisation are based on a decomposition of per capita income inequality measures into between-group inequality and within-group inequality of neighbouring localities. Given that the methodology adopted in the choice of spatial partition, collection of data and grouping of localities impacts on the decomposition, it was decided to combine non-parametric survey methods with a spatial analysis approach. This involves an analysis based on the use of the I-Moran autocorrelation index, which represents the more traditional indicator of spatial interdependence. This approach enables to identify a global trend and significant geographical concentration of European regions similar in terms of GDP per capita, income, productivity and so on. Hence, the intention - through the use of statistical and cartographic analysis tools, is to quantify and evaluate the salient and problematic aspects that characterise territorial imbalances, over a period of time (from the mid-1970s till today) which is capable of yielding possible keys to understanding the configuration of the European economic space going beyond traditional core-periphery or North-South models, and which enables the dynamics of the disparities to be interpreted. In particular, by using different size and shape of spatial units of investigation, it was decided to estimate some indicators (Gini coefficient, statistical dispersion, variability, heterogeneity, regional specialization, spatial concentration, etc.) and to reconstruct their variability on historical series, both at the level of the European Union and within its various member States and administrative regions (Nuts II). The adopted approach was the ‘geographical multi-scalar’, rather than finding the most appropriate scale or technique to analyze the evolution of imbalances. Therefore, it was decided to compare the results of tests carried out at different scales and with different methods. As a consequence, the study offers some reflections on methodological and interpretive issues typical of the geographical analysis of the spatial economics data. In particular, these considerations concern the choice of the geographical scale of observation of the phenomenon, the selection of spatial units - size, shape and Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) -, the nature of spatial economics data used, the spatial autocorrelation between the elements studied, and so on. The tests carried out have given evidence of the character of deep heterogeneity of the European geographical space. It was clear that the existence of large regional economic disparities is a long-term constant. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the economic geography of the European Union has undergone major changes and over the years there has been a reduction in the economic gap between ‘central European regions’ and the ‘periphery’ of this specific ‘portion’ of Europe (UE-12). As a result, between 1977 and 2005, it was possible to observe a convergence process between European regions. Finally, the analysis performed using the Gini coefficient and the I-Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index confirmed the convergence hypothesis at the supranational, national and regional levels.
2009
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/503445
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