Characterization of macrophage activation factor, a lymphokine that causes macrophages to become cytotoxic for tumor cells

Macrophage activation factor (MAF) was isolated from PPD-stimulated, BCG-immune mouse spleen cell culture fluids. In nine gel filtration runs on Sphadex G-100 or G-200, MAF was eluted in a single peak corresponding to a MW of 55,000 ± 1600. Recovery of activity was about 65%. Since the relative concentration curve of eluted MAF was wider than that of a single protein, MAF activity may be due to more than one protein with similar molecular weights. This possibility is strengthened by a broad elution range on DEAE cellulose chromatography, from a specific conductance of 3.5 to 8.5 mmho/cm, at pH 7.9 MAF was labile at both pH 4 and 10, and was destroyed by proteolytic enzymes. Eighty percent was destroyed by heating at 56°C for 30 min. In affinity chromatography experiments, MAF did not bind to Con-A Sepharose; but it was bound to insolubilized Cibacron-blue and was eluted by an increase in ionic strength.