Relationships between mafic and peralkaline silicic magmatism in continental rift settings: A petrological, geochemical and isotopic study of the Gedemsa volcano, Central Ethiopian rift

Petrological and geochemical data are reported for basalts and silicic peralkaline rocks from the Quaternary Gedemsa volcano, northern Ethiopian rift, with the aim of discussing the petrogenesis of peralkaline magmas and the significance of the Daly Gap occurring at local and regional scales. Incompatible element vs incompatible element diagrams display smooth positive trends; the isotope ratios of the silicic rocks ( 87Sr/ 86Sr = 0·70406-0·70719; 143Nd/ 144Nd = 0·51274-0·51279) encompass those of the mafic rocks. These data suggest a genetic link between rhyolites and basalts, but are not definitive in establishing whether silicic rocks are related to basalts through fractional crystallization or partial melting. Geochemical modelling of incompatible vs compatible elements excludes the possibility that peralkaline rhyolites are generated by melting of basaltic rocks, and indicates a derivation by fractional crystallization plus moderate assimilation of wall rocks (AFC) starting from trachytes; the latter have exceedingly low contents of compatible elements, which precludes a derivation by basalt melting. Continuous AFC from basalt to rhyolite, with small rates of crustal assimilation, best explains the geochemical data. This process generated a zoned magma chamber whose silicic upper part acted as a densiy filter for mafic magmas and was preferentially tapped; mafic magmas, ponding at the bottom, were erupted only during post-caldera stages, intensively mingled with silicic melts. The large number of caldera depressions found in the northern Ethiopian rift and their coincidence with zones of positive gravity anomalies suggest the occurrence of numerous magma chambers where evolutionary processes generated silicic peralkaline melts starting from mafic parental magmas. This suggests that the Petrological and volcanological model proposed for Gedemsa may have regional significance, thus furnishing an explanation for the large-volume peralkaline ignimbrites in the Ethiopian rift.