Data on molecular taxonomy and genetic diversification of the European Hermit beetles, a species-complex of endangered insects (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae, genus Osmoderma).

A molecular analysis was carried out on the European hermit beetles (the Osmoderma eremita species complex) to explore their genetic diversification and the robustness of previous morphologically based taxonomic arrangements. Complete sequences of mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase I gene were obtained from 26 individuals. Mean levels of interspecific sequence divergence ranged from 0.044 to 0.186. The results indicate a clear-cut distinction between two clades. The first one includes the W-European O. eremita Scopoli 1763; and the two Italian endemic taxa Osmoderma italicum Sparacio, 2000 and Osmoderma cristinae Sparacio, 1994; from southern peninsular Italy and Sicily, respectively. The second one includes the widespread E-European Osmoderma barnabita; and the southern Balcanic Osmoderma lassallei Baraud and Tauzin, 1991 from Greece and European Turkey. Within the two clades, molecular and morphological data well support a specific rank for O. lassallei and O. barnabita on one side, and for O. eremita and O. cristinae on the other side, while the taxonomic position of O. italicum, more closely related to O. eremita, is still uncertain. Current geographical distribution, interspecific genetic diversification, and very low levels of intraspecific genetic divergence in western European populations of O. eremita sensu stricto are hypothesized to be the result of multiple speciation events (mainly occurred in refugial forest areas of the Italian and Balkan peninsulas and Sicily before and during the Pleistocene glacial peaks), followed by fast post-glacial northward and westward expansion of some species