Environmental novelty differentially affects c-fos mRNA expression induced by amphetamine or cocaine in subregions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala

The environmental context in which amphetamine or cocaine are administered modulates both their acute psychomotor activating effects and their ability to induce sensitization. Here we report that environmental context differentially affects patterns of amphetamine- and cocaine-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and amygdala of male rats. In the medial amygdala and medial posterior BST, exposure to novelty resulted in a marked increase in c-fos mRNA. Amphetamine given at home did not induce c-fos mRNA, and when given in the novel environment, did not increase levels beyond that observed for novelty alone. In the basolateral and lateral amygdala, amphetamine or cocaine at home or exposure to novelty induced c-fos mRNA. When amphetamine or cocaine was given in a novel environment the c-fos mRNA response was significantly enhanced. In the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) and oval subnucleus of the BST (BSTov), amphetamine administration at home produced a robust increase in c-fos mRNA expression, whereas exposure to novelty had little effect. In contrast to other brain regions examined, the c-fos mRNA response to amphetamine in a novel versus home environment was significantly smaller. In both "home" and "novel" amphetamine groups, c-fos mRNA in the BSTov and CEA was predominantly expressed in enkephalin-containing cells; coexpression with corticotropin-releasing hormone was rare. These data suggest that the context in which psychostimulants are given powerfully and differentially alters the response of limbic structures that have been functionally implicated in drug reinforcement and emotional behaviors.