Regulation of type I and type II transglutaminase in normal human bronchial epithelial and lung carcinoma cells.

In cultured, undifferentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, transglutaminase activity was localized predominantly in the cytosolic fraction of cell lysates. Upon squamous differentiation, this cytosolic activity declined and was replaced by a 40-fold increase in the activity of particulate (membrane-associated) transglutaminase. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the cytosolic transglutaminase was Type II (tissue) transglutaminase and that squamous differentiation shifted gene expression to the Type I (epidermal) transglutaminase. Retinoic acid, an inhibitor of squamous cell differentiation, suppressed the increase in Type I transglutaminase. The decrease in Type II transglutaminase activity was unaffected by retinoic acid. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) enhanced Type II transglutaminase activity about 10-fold in the undifferentiated cells but did not increase Type I transglutaminase or cholesterol sulfate, two early markers of squamous differentiation. TGF-beta 2 was equivalent to TGF-beta 1 in inducing Type II transglutaminase and in inhibiting the growth of HBE cells. The differentiation-related and TGF-beta-induced changes in transglutaminase activity were reflected in the level of transglutaminase Type I and Type II protein and mRNA. Expression of transglutaminases in lung carcinoma cell lines was variable. No correlation was observed between the expression of Type I transglutaminase and the classification of the cells as squamous cell carcinoma. Several lung carcinoma cell lines exhibited high levels of Type II transglutaminase activity that were increased several-fold by TGF-beta 1 treatment. Retinoic acid was ineffective in altering transglutaminase expression in most cell lines but induced Type II transglutaminase in a time- and dose-dependent manner in NCI-HUT-460 cells.