Joint constraints on the lepton asymmetry of the Universe and neutrino mass from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

We use the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data on the spectrum of cosmic microwave background anisotropies to put constraints on the present amount of lepton asymmetry L, parametrized by the dimensionless chemical potential (also called degeneracy parameter) xi and on the effective number of relativistic particle species. We assume a flat cosmological model with three thermally distributed neutrino species having all the same mass and chemical potential, plus an additional amount of effectively massless exotic particle species. The extra energy density associated to these species is parametrized through an effective number of additional species Delta N-others(eff). We find that 0 <xi< 1.1 and correspondingly 0 <L< 0.9 at 2 sigma, so that WMAP data alone cannot firmly rule out scenarios with a large lepton number; moreover, a small preference for this kind of scenarios is actually found. We also discuss the effect of the asymmetry on the estimation of other parameters and, in particular, of the neutrino mass. In the case of perfect lepton symmetry, we obtain the standard results. When the amount of asymmetry is left free, we find at 2 sigma. Finally we study how the determination of L is affected by the assumptions on Delta N-others(eff). We find that lower values of the extra energy density allow for larger values of the lepton asymmetry, effectively ruling out, at 2 sigma level, lepton symmetric models with Delta N(others)(eff)similar or equal to 0.