Review of configurations and protection schemes of DC grids

The rising renewable energy sources integration and the growing demand for efficient power distribution have spurred significant interest in DC grids. DC grids offer several advantages over conventional AC grids. This includes reduced transmission losses and voltage drop, improved power quality, and better compatibility with respect to energy storage systems and renewable energy sources. To maximize these benefits, it is essential to thoroughly investigate DC grid configurations and the protection challenges that impede their widespread. This paper provides a thorough overview of various DC grid configurations, earthing and protection schemes, emphasizing their roles in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of modern distribution systems. It also delves through the protection challenges such as the fault current characteristics, the effect of the earthing system on the fault current and its interruption. Additionally, it highlights the DC grids protection requirements. Finally, a detailed review of present protection schemes is conducted to assess their effectiveness and applicability in DC grid environments.