Overview of Main Constituents and Their Role in Phantoms for EMF-Based Biomedical Applications

The further the development of electromagnetic field-based (EMF) therapeutic techniques, the greater the inherent need for elaborate, accurate tissue phantoms or dielectric simulators. At present, there are many recipes available in literature, discerning one from another based on the targeted tissue, accuracy at a specific frequency / frequency range and constituents. More interestingly, there are often recipes targeting the same tissue type and frequency but using completely different ingredients to achieve the desired properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to catalogue the most common constituents and their role to enable easier phantom designs in the future.