Cytoprotective properties of a mountain-derived Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench root extract in intestinal and biliary cells

Background Gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions arise from a complex interplay between chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and epithelial barrier dysfunction, leading to tissue damage and disease progression. Current therapies may be limited by variable efficacy and tolerability, highlighting the need for novel and well-tolerated interventions. In this context, we investigated the cytoprotective potential of an ethanolic root extract (ERes) from a mountain-grown variety of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, known for its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to a phytochemical profile rich in polyphenols, caffeic acid derivatives, and alkylamides. Methods ERes was preliminarily characterized for its phytochemical composition (polyphenols and alkylamides), radical scavenger and metal-chelating activity by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Moreover, its cytoprotection against oxidative (tert-butyl hydroperoxide, tBOOH) and inflammatory (IL-6) injuries was investigated in human intestinal epithelial and cholangiocyte cell lines. Diverse cell parameters, including cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and release of pro-inflammatory factors were evaluated. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured in Caco-2 monolayers to evaluate the impact of ERes on intestinal barrier integrity. Furthermore, the expression of Nrf2 and NF-κB was analyzed to explore possible molecular mechanisms underlying the observed cytoprotective effects. Result Under our experimental conditions, ERes was well tolerated and effectively counteracted oxidative and inflammatory stress, reducing ROS levels and improving cell viability. TEER values slightly increased, suggesting preserved epithelial integrity. Cytoprotective effects were associated with a modulation of Nrf2/NF-κB pathways. Phytochemical analysis revealed alkylamides and a phenolic profile rich in caffeic acid derivatives, consistent with marked antioxidant activity in cell-free assays. Conclusions These findings support its potential as a promising, well-tolerated strategy for gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, warranting further studies to confirm its in vivo efficacy and to better elucidate the bioactive compounds and underlying mechanisms.