The dissertation offers a reconstruction of Marx’s theoretical development that, moving beyond both essentialist humanism and structuralist reductionism, brings the figure of the individual back to the center of analysis – and, with it, the irreducible materiality of the body as the historically mediated site of subjectivity. The transition from “Man” to the “individual” thus does not signal the abandonment of anthropology but its scientific and, at the same time, political re-foundation. Since the individual – understood as the intersection of nature and history – is not an ontological given but the result of social and productive praxis, its very definition becomes an immediate terrain of conflict. Marxian anthropology thereby emerges as a political theory of the body, in which subjectivity appears as the locus of tension between domination and cooperation, abstraction and life, value and materiality. The individual is simultaneously Naturwesen and social form, an immanent and always provisional measure of the relations of production, and in this duality it embodies the potential for a practical transformation of the existing order. Methodologically, the dissertation is grounded in a long-term philological investigation that interweaves canonical texts with, above all, manuscript materials seldom examined in political and philosophical studies – from the London Notebooks to the late notebooks, with particular attention to previously unpublished excerpts and annotations on physiology. Through these materials, the study shows how the concepts of metabolism and labor-power are anchored in a scientific physiology that conceives the body as an energetic machine, thereby making visible – from within the logic of valorization itself – the friction between the abstraction of value and the historical and biological finitude of living labor. From this perspective, the fracture between Marx’s early philosophical anthropology and his mature economic critique does not abolish the anthropological dimension but rather overturns and reaffirms it, transforming corporeality into both a critical device and a principle of political resistance. The worker’s body, subsumed as a commodity, becomes the internal limit of capital and the empirical index of its metabolic and ecological crisis. The individual, as the real unity of body, nature, and praxis, thus represents not only the object but also the possible subject of social transformation. Corporeality does not constitute an immediate natural given, but a materiality always already mediated by social relations, whose very historicity entails the possibility of its political reappropriation. Ultimately, the dissertation argues that the political nature of class and the historicity of social forms both arise from a single techno-poietic dynamic: wherever subjectivity is constituted as associated praxis, the abstract universality of capital is confronted by the historical resistance of bodies, and the critique of political economy rediscovers in the biological dimension its own material – and therefore political – testing ground.

La tesi propone una ricostruzione dell’evoluzione teorica marxiana che, sottraendola tanto all’umanismo essenzialista quanto al riduzionismo strutturalista, riporta al centro la figura dell’individuo e, con essa, la materialità irriducibile del corpo come sede storicamente mediata della soggettività. Ne risulta che il passaggio dall’“Uomo” all’“individuo” non segna l’abbandono dell’antropologia, ma la sua rifondazione scientifica e, al tempo stesso, politica: poiché l’individuo, inteso come punto di intersezione tra natura e storia, non costituisce un presupposto ontologico ma il risultato di una prassi sociale e produttiva, la sua stessa definizione diviene immediatamente terreno di conflitto. L’antropologia marxiana si configura così come una teoria politica del corpo, in cui la soggettività è il luogo in cui si manifesta la tensione tra dominio e cooperazione, astrazione e vita, valore e materialità. L’individuo è insieme Naturwesen e forma sociale, misura immanente e sempre provvisoria dei rapporti di produzione, e in questa duplicità esprime la possibilità di una trasformazione pratica dell’esistente. Sul piano metodologico, la tesi si fonda su una ricognizione filologica di lungo periodo che intreccia testi canonici e, soprattutto, materiali manoscritti raramente valorizzati negli studi politici e filosofici: dai Londoner Hefte ai quaderni tardi, con particolare attenzione agli estratti e alle annotazioni di fisiologia ancora inediti. Attraverso questi materiali si mostra come i concetti di metabolismo e forza-lavoro vengano ancorati a una fisiologia scientifica che tematizza il corpo come macchina energetica, rendendo visibile – dall’interno della logica della valorizzazione – la frizione tra astrazione del valore e finitezza storica e biologica del lavoro vivo. In questa prospettiva, la frattura tra antropologia filosofica giovanile e critica economica matura non sopprime la dimensione antropologica, ma la rovescia e al tempo stesso la riafferma, trasformando la corporeità in dispositivo critico e in principio di resistenza politica: il corpo del lavoratore, sussunto come merce, diviene limite interno del capitale e indice empirico della sua crisi metabolica ed ecologica. L’individuo, in quanto unità reale tra corpo, natura e prassi, rappresenta così non solo l’oggetto ma anche il soggetto possibile della trasformazione sociale. La corporeità non costituisce un dato naturale immediato, ma una materialità sempre già mediata socialmente, la cui stessa storicità implica la possibilità di un suo riuso politico. La tesi, in definitiva, mostra come politicità della classe e storicità delle forme sociali scaturiscano da una medesima dinamica tecno-poietica: là dove la soggettività si costituisce come prassi associata, l’universalità astratta del capitale viene misurata dalla resistenza storica dei corpi, e la critica dell’economia politica ritrova nel dato biologico il proprio banco di prova materiale e, appunto, politico.

Individuo e soggettivazione in Marx tra "Gattung" e comunità / Turano, L.. - (2026 Sep 17).

Individuo e soggettivazione in Marx tra "Gattung" e comunità

TURANO, LAURA
17/09/2026

Abstract

The dissertation offers a reconstruction of Marx’s theoretical development that, moving beyond both essentialist humanism and structuralist reductionism, brings the figure of the individual back to the center of analysis – and, with it, the irreducible materiality of the body as the historically mediated site of subjectivity. The transition from “Man” to the “individual” thus does not signal the abandonment of anthropology but its scientific and, at the same time, political re-foundation. Since the individual – understood as the intersection of nature and history – is not an ontological given but the result of social and productive praxis, its very definition becomes an immediate terrain of conflict. Marxian anthropology thereby emerges as a political theory of the body, in which subjectivity appears as the locus of tension between domination and cooperation, abstraction and life, value and materiality. The individual is simultaneously Naturwesen and social form, an immanent and always provisional measure of the relations of production, and in this duality it embodies the potential for a practical transformation of the existing order. Methodologically, the dissertation is grounded in a long-term philological investigation that interweaves canonical texts with, above all, manuscript materials seldom examined in political and philosophical studies – from the London Notebooks to the late notebooks, with particular attention to previously unpublished excerpts and annotations on physiology. Through these materials, the study shows how the concepts of metabolism and labor-power are anchored in a scientific physiology that conceives the body as an energetic machine, thereby making visible – from within the logic of valorization itself – the friction between the abstraction of value and the historical and biological finitude of living labor. From this perspective, the fracture between Marx’s early philosophical anthropology and his mature economic critique does not abolish the anthropological dimension but rather overturns and reaffirms it, transforming corporeality into both a critical device and a principle of political resistance. The worker’s body, subsumed as a commodity, becomes the internal limit of capital and the empirical index of its metabolic and ecological crisis. The individual, as the real unity of body, nature, and praxis, thus represents not only the object but also the possible subject of social transformation. Corporeality does not constitute an immediate natural given, but a materiality always already mediated by social relations, whose very historicity entails the possibility of its political reappropriation. Ultimately, the dissertation argues that the political nature of class and the historicity of social forms both arise from a single techno-poietic dynamic: wherever subjectivity is constituted as associated praxis, the abstract universality of capital is confronted by the historical resistance of bodies, and the critique of political economy rediscovers in the biological dimension its own material – and therefore political – testing ground.
17-set-2026
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1776310
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