One of the key themes in Building Science has always been the problem of representing entities that are not directly visible to the human eye through mathematical, physical, and geometric models. The approach of Graphical Statics involves the use of geometric drawings to define and solve the equilibrium problems of systems of rigid bodies at rest, composing or decomposing the forces to which they are subject, to be represented according to precise conventions. In this paper, we examine – in terms of Drawing critique – the historical development of Graphical Statics with regard to the link between interpretative criteria of phenomena and the representation of forces, starting from the need in ancient times to visualise the equilibrium of bodies at rest with the aid of virtual velocities, and then retracing medieval and Renaissance intuitions about deviations of weight force and lines of action, which could also be materialised thanks to instruments such as funicular machines. Our examination then continues towards the emancipation of the static problem from Kinematics thanks to Varignon’s formulations, then moves on to the rise of polytechnic culture with the representation of forces using oriented line segments, graphical calculation for the dimensioning of construction elements, and the use of the studies about Projective Geometry by Poncelet, Möbius, and Maxwell as a key to interpreting the links between the polygon of forces and the funicular polygon.
Da sempre, uno dei temi cardine della Scienza delle Costruzioni è la problematica della rappresentazione – attraverso modelli matematici, fisici, nonché geometrici – di entità non direttamente visibili all’occhio umano. L’approccio della Statica grafica prevede l’impiego di disegni geometrici per definire e risolvere i problemi d’equilibrio di sistemi di corpi rigidi in quiete, componendo o scomponendo le forze alle quali sono soggetti, da rappresentare secondo precise convenzioni. In questo contributo esaminiamo, sotto il profilo del Disegno, lo sviluppo storico della Statica grafica per quanto concerne il legame tra criteri interpretativi dei fenomeni e raffigurazione delle forze, partendo dalla necessità nell’età antica di visualizzare l’equilibrio dei corpi in quiete con l’ausilio di velocità virtuali, per poi ripercorrere le intuizioni medievali e rinascimentali sulla deviazione della forza peso e sulle rette d’azione, materializzabili anche grazie a strumenti come le macchine funicolari. La nostra disamina prosegue quindi verso l’emancipazione del problema statico dalla cinematica grazie alle formulazioni di Varignon, per poi giungere all’ascesa della cultura politecnica con la rappresentazione delle forze mediante segmenti orientati, il calcolo grafico per il dimensionamento di elementi costruttivi e l’impiego degli studi di Poncelet, Möbius e Maxwell sulla Geometria proiettiva come chiave d’interpretazione dei legami tra poligono delle forze e poligono funicolare.
La rappresentazione dell’equilibrio nella Statica grafica, tra segmenti orientati e reciprocità / Representation of equilibrium in Graphical Statics, between oriented line segments and reciprocity / Martelli, L.. - 2:(2026), pp. 895-918. (Il Disegno Furioso. 47° Convegno Internazionale dei Docenti delle Discipline della Rappresentazione Congresso della Unione Italiana per il Disegno / Furious Drawing. 47th International Conference of Representation Disciplines Teachers Congress of Unione Italiana per il Disegno Ferrara; Italy ).
La rappresentazione dell’equilibrio nella Statica grafica, tra segmenti orientati e reciprocità / Representation of equilibrium in Graphical Statics, between oriented line segments and reciprocity
Luca Martelli
Primo
2026
Abstract
One of the key themes in Building Science has always been the problem of representing entities that are not directly visible to the human eye through mathematical, physical, and geometric models. The approach of Graphical Statics involves the use of geometric drawings to define and solve the equilibrium problems of systems of rigid bodies at rest, composing or decomposing the forces to which they are subject, to be represented according to precise conventions. In this paper, we examine – in terms of Drawing critique – the historical development of Graphical Statics with regard to the link between interpretative criteria of phenomena and the representation of forces, starting from the need in ancient times to visualise the equilibrium of bodies at rest with the aid of virtual velocities, and then retracing medieval and Renaissance intuitions about deviations of weight force and lines of action, which could also be materialised thanks to instruments such as funicular machines. Our examination then continues towards the emancipation of the static problem from Kinematics thanks to Varignon’s formulations, then moves on to the rise of polytechnic culture with the representation of forces using oriented line segments, graphical calculation for the dimensioning of construction elements, and the use of the studies about Projective Geometry by Poncelet, Möbius, and Maxwell as a key to interpreting the links between the polygon of forces and the funicular polygon.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


