Psychometric assessment of a driving simulation task performed using an immersive virtual reality in cardiovascular rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial

Background: Virtual reality (VR) is a promising tool to deliver medical treatments easily and safely. However, clear evidence on the effectiveness of these devices in cardiovascular rehabilitation is still lacking. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of integrating the use of an immersive VR system based on driving simulation in cardiovascular rehabilitation. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrial.gov NCT07195279) was conducted with 60 subjects undergoing a cardiovascular rehabilitation program. The experimental virtual reality group (VRG) followed an experimental therapy through virtual car driving simulation sessions, while the control group attended a conventional program of calisthenics. In both groups, the above two interventions were formed by sessions of 20 min in addition to conventional therapy, so the two groups received the same amount of therapy time. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Short Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire for quality of life, and other clinical scales were administered to assess the efficacy of integrating VR into the rehabilitative intervention. Results: Perceived quality of life SF-12 (p < 0.02) significantly improved only in the VR group, whereas other parameters such as pain, perceived exertion, and oxygen saturation improved in both groups. Conclusion: VR resulted in improving some patients’ conditions, likely due to its high level of engagement. When assessing the effects of a VR system, it is important to consider the specific software with the exergame and the tasks administered: in this study, we selected a car driving simulation, which yielded positive effects.