The Maastricht Treaty marked a turning point in the process of European integration, establishing the European Union (EU) and setting out the launch of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). In an international context shaped by the collapse of the bipolar order and by widespread uncertainty, Italy sought to steer European integration beyond its economic dimension, towards a broader political integration — particularly in the fields of foreign and security policy — and towards strengthening the democratic character of the Community institutions. The thesis reconstructs Italy's role in the negotiations that led to the Maastricht Treaty, from the revival of the debate on institutional reform in 1989 to the signing of the Treaty in February 1992. The study seeks to answer the following research questions: i) how can the opening of the negotiations on Political Union, and the consequent birth of the EU, be explained? ii) What role did Italy play in this process? iii) How did the Italian government conduct the negotiations, and what were the outcomes from its own perspective? iv) What were Italy's relations with the main negotiating actors (states, international organisations and institutions)? v) What weight did Italian Europeanism carry in the events under examination? vi) How aware were Italian actors of the implications that the Maastricht Treaty would have for Italy? The study reveals an Italy in which different forms of Europeanism coexisted, and which firmly supported the reform process, and in particular the launch of a Political Union (PU). The Italian government was at its most active during its 1990 Presidency of the Council, when it used its agenda-setting powers to shape the preparatory phase of the forthcoming Intergovernmental Conferences (IGCs). This influence diminished in the 1991 negotiations, constrained by the Franco-German dynamic and by domestic political and economic fragility, which led the country to scale back some of its objectives and expectations in order to avoid the failure of the IGCs. The study draws on largely unpublished documentation and on a series of interviews with diplomats and officials.

Il Trattato di Maastricht rappresentò un nodo centrale nel processo di integrazione europea, istituendo l’Unione Europea (UE) e definendo l’avvio dell’Unione economico-monetaria (UEM). In un contesto internazionale segnato dal crollo dell’ordine bipolare e da un’ampia incertezza, l’Italia cercò di orientare l’integrazione europea oltre la dimensione economica, verso una più estesa integrazione politica, in particolare nei campi della politica estera e di sicurezza, e nel rafforzamento della democraticità delle istituzioni comunitarie. La tesi ricostruisce il ruolo dell'Italia nei negoziati che condussero al Trattato di Maastricht, dal rilancio del dibattito sulle riforme istituzionali nel 1989 fino alla firma del febbraio 1992. Lo studio cerca di rispondere alle seguenti domande di ricerca: i) in che modo è possibile spiegare l’avvio dei negoziati sull’Unione politica e la conseguente nascita dell’UE? ii) Quale ruolo ha ricoperto l’Italia in questo processo? iii) Come condusse i negoziati il governo italiano e quali furono i risultati dalla sua prospettiva? iv) Quali furono le relazioni dell’Italia con i principali attori negoziali (Stati, organizzazioni e istituzioni internazionali)? v) Che peso ebbe l’europeismo italiano nelle vicende esaminate? vi) Quale fu il livello di consapevolezza delle implicazioni che il Trattato di Maastricht avrebbe avuto per l’Italia? Dallo studio emerge un'Italia nella quale convivevano diverse forme di europeismo, e che sostenne con convinzione il processo di riforma, in particolare l’avvio di un’Unione politica (UP). Il governo italiano espresse il massimo attivismo durante la Presidenza di turno del 1990, quando utilizzò i poteri di agenda-setting per orientare la fase preparatoria delle imminenti Conferenze intergovernative (CIG). Tale influenza si ridimensionò nei negoziati del 1991, condizionata dalla dialettica franco-tedesca e dalla fragilità politico-economica interna, che portarono il Paese a ridimensionare alcuni obiettivi e aspettative, al fine di evitare il fallimento delle CIG. Lo studio si avvale di documentazione in larga parte inedita e di una serie di interviste a diplomatici e funzionari.

Costruire mentre tutto crolla. L’Italia e la nascita dell’Unione europea: 1989-1992 / Vai, L.. - (2026 Jan 23).

Costruire mentre tutto crolla. L’Italia e la nascita dell’Unione europea: 1989-1992.

VAI, LORENZO
23/01/2026

Abstract

The Maastricht Treaty marked a turning point in the process of European integration, establishing the European Union (EU) and setting out the launch of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). In an international context shaped by the collapse of the bipolar order and by widespread uncertainty, Italy sought to steer European integration beyond its economic dimension, towards a broader political integration — particularly in the fields of foreign and security policy — and towards strengthening the democratic character of the Community institutions. The thesis reconstructs Italy's role in the negotiations that led to the Maastricht Treaty, from the revival of the debate on institutional reform in 1989 to the signing of the Treaty in February 1992. The study seeks to answer the following research questions: i) how can the opening of the negotiations on Political Union, and the consequent birth of the EU, be explained? ii) What role did Italy play in this process? iii) How did the Italian government conduct the negotiations, and what were the outcomes from its own perspective? iv) What were Italy's relations with the main negotiating actors (states, international organisations and institutions)? v) What weight did Italian Europeanism carry in the events under examination? vi) How aware were Italian actors of the implications that the Maastricht Treaty would have for Italy? The study reveals an Italy in which different forms of Europeanism coexisted, and which firmly supported the reform process, and in particular the launch of a Political Union (PU). The Italian government was at its most active during its 1990 Presidency of the Council, when it used its agenda-setting powers to shape the preparatory phase of the forthcoming Intergovernmental Conferences (IGCs). This influence diminished in the 1991 negotiations, constrained by the Franco-German dynamic and by domestic political and economic fragility, which led the country to scale back some of its objectives and expectations in order to avoid the failure of the IGCs. The study draws on largely unpublished documentation and on a series of interviews with diplomats and officials.
23-gen-2026
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1773417
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