Although the legal status of minorities falls within the broader framework of the protection of fundamental rights, the Basic Law does not expressly provide special safeguards for historical and linguistic minorities as collective entities. The guarantee of the right to the free development of one's personality, enshrined in Article 2 of the Basic Law and understood also as encompassing the right to preserve one's own identity, precludes policies of forced cultural assimilation. Unlike the Weimar Constitution, however, the Basic Law contains no specific provisions on the protection of national minorities or, more specifically, on the protection of their languages. The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of birth, origin, descent, or language, laid down in Article 3 of the Basic Law, has traditionally been invoked in constitutional jurisprudence and legal scholarship not primarily—or not exclusively—as a guarantee of pluralism, but rather as a constitutional constraint on the adoption of preferential measures in favour of historical minorities. Today, however, the rationale and challenges of cultural pluralism have acquired a new demographic dimension as a result of the migratory movements that have shaped Germany's recent history. In several Länder, constitutional provisions appear to embrace a broader and more inclusive understanding of minorities by requiring public authorities to respect, or even actively promote, the political participation of all ethnic and linguistic minorities, without making German nationality a prerequisite. Such broadly framed provisions appear capable of providing a constitutional basis for the recognition and protection of newly established communities, including those of immigrant origin.
Benché la disciplina giuridica della condizione delle minoranze rappresenti un’area di garanzia di diritti fondamentali, la Legge Fondamentale non accorda espressamente speciali tutele alle minoranze storiche e linguistiche in quanto soggetti collettivi. La proclamazione del diritto al libero sviluppo della personalità, iscritto nell’art. 2 LF, inteso anche come diritto a mantenere la propria identità, esclude politiche di assimilazionismo culturale forzato. Tuttavia, diversamente dalla Costituzione weimariana, la Legge Fondamentale non dedica alcuna disposizione alla tutela delle minoranze nazionali, e, in particolare, della loro lingua.Il divieto di discriminazione in base alla nascita, all’origine, alla provenienza e anche alla lingua, che è iscritto nell’art. 3 LF, storicamente è stato invocato nella giurisprudenza costituzionale e nella dottrina non tanto, o non solo e come presidio del pluralismo, quanto, soprattutto, come limite opponibile ad eventuali norme di favor a beneficio delle minoranze storiche. Oggi le ragioni e le sfide del pluralismo culturale assumono le dimensioni demografiche dei flussi migratori che accompagnano la storia tedesca più recente. In alcuni Länder la Costituzione sembra lasciare spazio ad una nozione di minoranza più ampia e più inclusiva giacché impegna le istituzioni a rispettare, ovvero a promuovere la partecipazione politica, di tutte le minoranze etniche o linguistiche, senza neppure pretendere la nazionalità tedesca. Formulazioni così aperte appaiono potenzialmente idonee a legittimare il riconoscimento e la tutela di nuove comunità, anche di origini straniere.
La tutela delle minoranze storiche e linguistiche nell’ordinamento tedesco: tra vecchie e nuove sfide demografiche / Zei, A.. - In: NOMOS. - ISSN 2279-7238. - 2025:3/2025(2025), pp. 1-12.
La tutela delle minoranze storiche e linguistiche nell’ordinamento tedesco: tra vecchie e nuove sfide demografiche
astrid zei
2025
Abstract
Although the legal status of minorities falls within the broader framework of the protection of fundamental rights, the Basic Law does not expressly provide special safeguards for historical and linguistic minorities as collective entities. The guarantee of the right to the free development of one's personality, enshrined in Article 2 of the Basic Law and understood also as encompassing the right to preserve one's own identity, precludes policies of forced cultural assimilation. Unlike the Weimar Constitution, however, the Basic Law contains no specific provisions on the protection of national minorities or, more specifically, on the protection of their languages. The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of birth, origin, descent, or language, laid down in Article 3 of the Basic Law, has traditionally been invoked in constitutional jurisprudence and legal scholarship not primarily—or not exclusively—as a guarantee of pluralism, but rather as a constitutional constraint on the adoption of preferential measures in favour of historical minorities. Today, however, the rationale and challenges of cultural pluralism have acquired a new demographic dimension as a result of the migratory movements that have shaped Germany's recent history. In several Länder, constitutional provisions appear to embrace a broader and more inclusive understanding of minorities by requiring public authorities to respect, or even actively promote, the political participation of all ethnic and linguistic minorities, without making German nationality a prerequisite. Such broadly framed provisions appear capable of providing a constitutional basis for the recognition and protection of newly established communities, including those of immigrant origin.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


