This dissertation contributes to the research devoted to the defective expansion of nouns in Russian and Italian, presenting the first corpus-driven, comparative and diachronic analysis of the phenomenon. The study is based on a multidimensional annotation of contexts ranging from the 18th to the 21st century, conducted initially on selected nouns and subsequently extended on a larger scale using computational methods. The interest in this phenomenon arises from the seemingly unmotivated existence of nouns lacking the singular form, which have been regarded either as a locus classicus of linguistic arbitrariness or as remnants of the derivational category of collectiveness. Despite numerous attempts, particularly within Russian linguistics, to reconstruct their historical development, no predictive model has yet been proposed to account for the modality and the cause of the organic defective expansion. Following an overview of relevant synchronic and diachronic studies, the empirical section begins with the construction of the first comprehensive dataset of lexicalized plurals in Russian and Italian, based on representative dictionaries. The analysis revealed cross-linguistic regularities in the semantic domain, especially in the lexicalization of “complex” events through metonymic shifts between singular and plural forms, and highlighted a substantial number of morphologically derived nouns, particularly in Russian, from adjectives and verbs via productive and long-standing suffixes. The multidimensional manual annotation method, which was termed Lexicalization Profiles, applied manually to eight selected paradigms, enabled the identification of a potentially predictive model of defective expansion, distinguishing two modes: paradigmatic and semantic expansion. The computational extension to a broader set of nouns confirmed morpho-semantic productivity in the lexicalization of complex events and a higher degree of polysemy in Italian nouns compared to Russian. A significant relation was observed between the number of senses and the paradigmatic expansion, which leads to morphological obsolescence. Ultimately, the organic expansion of defective nouns appears to depend on the frequency of individual senses and on the richness of the nouns’ polysemic network. These factors usually apply on derived nouns, reflecting a semantic coalescence between suffixal and inflectional meaning.
Il presente lavoro di tesi si inserisce nel filone di ricerca sull’espansione difettiva dei sostantivi in russo e in italiano, proponendo una prima analisi corpus-driven e comparativa del fenomeno in diacronia. Lo studio si basa sull’annotazione multidimensionale di contesti compresi tra il XVIII e il XXI secolo, realizzata dapprima manualmente su singoli sostantivi e successivamente estesa su larga scala tramite metodi computazionali. I pluralia tantum, sostantivi che non realizzano il valore singolare nell’opposizione del Numero grammaticale, sono considerati in letteratura ora locus classicus dell’arbitrarietà linguistica, ora vestigia di categorie derivazionali. Nonostante i numerosi tentativi, in particolare in ambito russistico, manca ad oggi un modello predittivo che descriva le modalità e le cause dell’espansione organica dei sostantivi difettivi di singolare. Dopo una panoramica sugli studi esistenti, la parte applicativa della ricerca si apre con la costruzione di un dataset di plurali lessicalizzati in russo e in italiano, compilato a partire da fonti lessicografiche normative e rappresentative. Lo spoglio ha evidenziato regolarità semantiche nella designazione di eventi “complessi”, spesso lessicalizzati attraverso uno slittamento metonimico tra singolare e plurale, e una notevole presenza, soprattutto in russo, di sostantivi derivati da aggettivi e verbi mediante suffissi produttivi. Il metodo di annotazione multidimensionale, definito Profili di lessicalizzazione, applicato a otto paradigmi selezionati, ha permesso di individuare un modello di espansione organica potenzialmente predittivo, articolato in due modalità: espansione paradigmatica ed espansione semantica. L’estensione computazionale dell’annotazione a un numero maggiore di sostantivi ha confermato la produttività morfo-semantica nella designazione di eventi complessi e la maggiore polisemia dei sostantivi italiani rispetto a quelli russi. Si evidenzia, inoltre, una relazione significativa tra numero di sensi ed espansione paradigmatica, che conduce all’obsolescenza morfologica. Infine, i risultati del presente lavoro mostrano che l’espansione organica dei sostantivi difettivi è condizionata dalla frequenza dei singoli sensi e dalla complessità della rete polisemica di sostantivi prodotti da derivazione morfologica, i quali evidenziano una coalescenza semantica tra il significato suffissale e quello flessivo.
L’espansione difettiva dei sostantivi russi e italiani: profili di lessicalizzazione / Spaziani, E.. - (2026 Jun 11).
L’espansione difettiva dei sostantivi russi e italiani: profili di lessicalizzazione
SPAZIANI, ELENA
11/06/2026
Abstract
This dissertation contributes to the research devoted to the defective expansion of nouns in Russian and Italian, presenting the first corpus-driven, comparative and diachronic analysis of the phenomenon. The study is based on a multidimensional annotation of contexts ranging from the 18th to the 21st century, conducted initially on selected nouns and subsequently extended on a larger scale using computational methods. The interest in this phenomenon arises from the seemingly unmotivated existence of nouns lacking the singular form, which have been regarded either as a locus classicus of linguistic arbitrariness or as remnants of the derivational category of collectiveness. Despite numerous attempts, particularly within Russian linguistics, to reconstruct their historical development, no predictive model has yet been proposed to account for the modality and the cause of the organic defective expansion. Following an overview of relevant synchronic and diachronic studies, the empirical section begins with the construction of the first comprehensive dataset of lexicalized plurals in Russian and Italian, based on representative dictionaries. The analysis revealed cross-linguistic regularities in the semantic domain, especially in the lexicalization of “complex” events through metonymic shifts between singular and plural forms, and highlighted a substantial number of morphologically derived nouns, particularly in Russian, from adjectives and verbs via productive and long-standing suffixes. The multidimensional manual annotation method, which was termed Lexicalization Profiles, applied manually to eight selected paradigms, enabled the identification of a potentially predictive model of defective expansion, distinguishing two modes: paradigmatic and semantic expansion. The computational extension to a broader set of nouns confirmed morpho-semantic productivity in the lexicalization of complex events and a higher degree of polysemy in Italian nouns compared to Russian. A significant relation was observed between the number of senses and the paradigmatic expansion, which leads to morphological obsolescence. Ultimately, the organic expansion of defective nouns appears to depend on the frequency of individual senses and on the richness of the nouns’ polysemic network. These factors usually apply on derived nouns, reflecting a semantic coalescence between suffixal and inflectional meaning.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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