The research aims to investigate fire as a material, technological, and ideological element, highlighting its central role within the cultural, productive, and symbolic dynamics of pre-industrial societies in the Southern Caucasus and Central Mesopotamia between the 4th and 1st millennia BCE. Through an interpretive perspective that considers fire as an element endowed with a strong agentive force and materiality, the study analyses the productive, social, and ceremonial trajectories that define the relationship between human communities and this natural element. Culturally shaped after a long Paleolithic prehistory, fire is integrated into collective life as an artifact, a transformative agent, a destructive force, or a participant in ceremonial practices. The focus on these two geographical and cultural areas – considered opposed in terms of economic and social organisation – and on the archaeology of Mesopotamian and Caucasian production provides insights into the ways human communities interacted with fire, both at the pyrotechnological and ceremonial levels. The investigation is based on three case studies from the 4th to 1st millennia BCE. Each case addresses different research questions but centres on fire. The cases are: the domestic, ceremonial, and productive contexts of Tava Tepe (Western Azerbaijan, 2nd-1st millennium BCE), Tell Muhammad (Iraq, 2nd millennium BCE), and the kurgans (hypogean tombs) of the Uzun Rama plateau (Western Azerbaijan, 4th millennium BCE). These contexts are examined by presenting recent excavation data and analysing legacy data with a focus on combustion practices. The study proposes integrating the archaeological approach with a methodology aimed at defining fire patterns, borrowed from forensic sciences and experimental archaeology, as well as an archaeometric perspective focused on characterising firing traces, burned sediments, and production residues. Such traces, often indistinguishable at the macroscopic level, frequently constitute the only visible components of the archaeological dataset of a fire. This approach allows addressing issues such as the functional classification of fire installations, the distinction between accidental fires and intentional productive activities, and the reconstruction of fire dynamics in ancient contexts.
La ricerca propone di indagare il fuoco come elemento materiale, tecnologico e ideologico evidenziando la sua centralità all’interno delle dinamiche culturali, produttive e simboliche delle società preindustriali del Caucaso meridionale e della Mesopotamia centrale tra il IV e il I millennio a.C. Tramite una prospettiva interpretativa che considera il fuoco un elemento dotato di una materialità dalla pregnante forza agentiva, verranno analizzate le traiettorie produttive, sociali e cerimoniali che definiscono la relazione tra le comunità umane e l’elemento naturale. Plasmato culturalmente dopo la lunga preistoria paleolitica, il fuoco viene integrato nella vita collettiva come manufatto, agente trasformativo, ente distruttivo o partecipante a pratiche cerimoniali. L’attenzione ai due ambiti geografici e culturali, considerati diametralmente opposti in termini di organizzazione economica e sociale, e all’archeologia della produzione mesopotamica e caucasica fornisce risposte alle modalità di interazione con il fuoco delle comunità umane, sia a livello pirotecnologico, sia cerimoniale. L’indagine si fonda sull’analisi di tre casi studio compresi tra il IV e il I millennio a.C., selezionati per rispondere a differenti domande di ricerca e accomunati dalla centralità del fuoco: i contesti abitativi, cerimoniali e produttivi di Tava Tepe (Azerbaijan occidentale, II-I millennio a.C.) e Tell Muhammad (Iraq, II millennio a.C.), e i kurgan (tombe ipogee) del plateau di Uzun Rama (Azerbaijan occidentale, IV millennio a.C.). I contesti sono analizzati mediante la presentazione di recenti dati di scavo e la rilettura dei legacy data orientata specificamente alle pratiche di combustione. Il lavoro propone di integrare all’approccio archeologico una metodologia tesa alla definizione dei pattern da fuoco, mutuata dalle scienze forensi e dall’archeologia sperimentale, e una prospettiva archeometrica orientata alla caratterizzazione di tracce di focatura, sedimenti combusti e residui produttivi. Tali tracce, spesso indistinguibili a livello autoptico, sovente consistono nelle uniche componenti visibili del dataset archeologico di un incendio. L’approccio consente di affrontare questioni quali la classificazione funzionale delle installazioni da fuoco, la distinzione tra combustioni accidentali e attività produttive intenzionali e la ricostruzione degli andamenti degli incendi in contesti antichi.
On fire: sulle tracce del fuoco. L’agency del fuoco e i suoi indicatori: analisi archeologica e classificazione dei contesti di combustione tra Caucaso e Mesopotamia durante l’età del Bronzo e del Ferro / Mendola, A.. - (2026 May 25).
On fire: sulle tracce del fuoco. L’agency del fuoco e i suoi indicatori: analisi archeologica e classificazione dei contesti di combustione tra Caucaso e Mesopotamia durante l’età del Bronzo e del Ferro
MENDOLA, ALICE
25/05/2026
Abstract
The research aims to investigate fire as a material, technological, and ideological element, highlighting its central role within the cultural, productive, and symbolic dynamics of pre-industrial societies in the Southern Caucasus and Central Mesopotamia between the 4th and 1st millennia BCE. Through an interpretive perspective that considers fire as an element endowed with a strong agentive force and materiality, the study analyses the productive, social, and ceremonial trajectories that define the relationship between human communities and this natural element. Culturally shaped after a long Paleolithic prehistory, fire is integrated into collective life as an artifact, a transformative agent, a destructive force, or a participant in ceremonial practices. The focus on these two geographical and cultural areas – considered opposed in terms of economic and social organisation – and on the archaeology of Mesopotamian and Caucasian production provides insights into the ways human communities interacted with fire, both at the pyrotechnological and ceremonial levels. The investigation is based on three case studies from the 4th to 1st millennia BCE. Each case addresses different research questions but centres on fire. The cases are: the domestic, ceremonial, and productive contexts of Tava Tepe (Western Azerbaijan, 2nd-1st millennium BCE), Tell Muhammad (Iraq, 2nd millennium BCE), and the kurgans (hypogean tombs) of the Uzun Rama plateau (Western Azerbaijan, 4th millennium BCE). These contexts are examined by presenting recent excavation data and analysing legacy data with a focus on combustion practices. The study proposes integrating the archaeological approach with a methodology aimed at defining fire patterns, borrowed from forensic sciences and experimental archaeology, as well as an archaeometric perspective focused on characterising firing traces, burned sediments, and production residues. Such traces, often indistinguishable at the macroscopic level, frequently constitute the only visible components of the archaeological dataset of a fire. This approach allows addressing issues such as the functional classification of fire installations, the distinction between accidental fires and intentional productive activities, and the reconstruction of fire dynamics in ancient contexts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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