This research examines surrogacy as an emblematic phenomenon of the transformations affecting contemporary public law, focusing on the relationship between biomedical innovation, individual freedom, and the constraints arising from constitutional principles. The separation between the genetic, gestational, and social dimensions of parenthood calls for a reconsideration of the traditional legal categories of motherhood and filiation, raising fundamental questions concerning the personalist principle, human dignity, and the inalienability of the human body. Through a comparative analysis of European and non-European legal systems, together with an in-depth examination of national and supranational case law, the study demonstrates that permissive regulatory models do not eliminate the structural concerns associated with economic asymmetries and contractual power imbalances, while prohibitionist systems face significant challenges in relation to the recognition of the legal status of children born abroad through surrogacy. Within this framework, particular attention is devoted to the 2025 Report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, which situates surrogacy within a human rights perspective attentive to risks of exploitation and commodification, thereby reopening the international debate on grounds that extend beyond a purely autonomy-based approach. The analysis of Italian case law reveals a gradual shift from a predominantly punitive approach to a concrete protection of the child, without, however, endorsing the automatic recognition of intended parenthood. What emerges is a complex balancing exercise between international public policy and the best interests of the child. The thesis advanced is that surrogacy entails structural tensions that are difficult to reconcile with the relational conception of the person embedded in the Italian and European constitutional order. The protection of children already born cannot result in the neutralisation of the prohibition, but rather requires legal instruments consistent with the fundamental principles of the system.
La presente ricerca analizza la maternità surrogata quale espressione significativa delle tensioni che attraversano il diritto pubblico contemporaneo, ponendo al centro il rapporto tra progresso scientifico, autodeterminazione individuale e vincoli costituzionali. La scissione tra dimensione genetica, gestazionale e sociale della genitorialità sollecita una revisione delle categorie tradizionali di maternità e filiazione, interrogando il principio personalista, la dignità della persona e l’indisponibilità del corpo umano. Attraverso un’analisi comparata degli ordinamenti europei ed extraeuropei ed un approfondimento della giurisprudenza nazionale e sovranazionale, il lavoro evidenzia come la regolazione permissiva della pratica non elimini le criticità strutturali connesse a dinamiche economiche e contrattuali, mentre i modelli proibizionisti si confrontano con le difficoltà derivanti dal riconoscimento dello status dei minori nati all’estero. In tale cornice, si colloca anche il Report del 2025 della Relatrice speciale delle Nazioni Unite sulla violenza contro le donne e le ragazze, che ha ricondotto la surrogazione entro una prospettiva di diritti umani attenta ai rischi di sfruttamento e di mercificazione, riaprendo il dibattito internazionale su basi non esclusivamente autodeterminative. L’analisi della giurisprudenza italiana, poi, mostra un progressivo spostamento dall’approccio sanzionatorio verso una tutela in concreto del minore, senza tuttavia giungere a legittimare automaticamente la genitorialità d’intenzione. Ne emerge un equilibrio complesso tra ordine pubblico internazionale e superiore interesse del bambino. La tesi sostenuta è che la surrogazione presenti criticità strutturali difficilmente conciliabili con la concezione relazionale della persona propria dell’ordinamento costituzionale italiano ed europeo. La protezione del minore già nato non può tradursi nella neutralizzazione del divieto, ma richiede strumenti coerenti con i principi fondamentali del sistema, che non ledano diritti fondamentali della persona.
La surrogazione di maternità: profili costituzionali e comparati del fenomeno / Ghezzi, Margherita. - (2026 May 22).
La surrogazione di maternità: profili costituzionali e comparati del fenomeno
GHEZZI, MARGHERITA
22/05/2026
Abstract
This research examines surrogacy as an emblematic phenomenon of the transformations affecting contemporary public law, focusing on the relationship between biomedical innovation, individual freedom, and the constraints arising from constitutional principles. The separation between the genetic, gestational, and social dimensions of parenthood calls for a reconsideration of the traditional legal categories of motherhood and filiation, raising fundamental questions concerning the personalist principle, human dignity, and the inalienability of the human body. Through a comparative analysis of European and non-European legal systems, together with an in-depth examination of national and supranational case law, the study demonstrates that permissive regulatory models do not eliminate the structural concerns associated with economic asymmetries and contractual power imbalances, while prohibitionist systems face significant challenges in relation to the recognition of the legal status of children born abroad through surrogacy. Within this framework, particular attention is devoted to the 2025 Report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, which situates surrogacy within a human rights perspective attentive to risks of exploitation and commodification, thereby reopening the international debate on grounds that extend beyond a purely autonomy-based approach. The analysis of Italian case law reveals a gradual shift from a predominantly punitive approach to a concrete protection of the child, without, however, endorsing the automatic recognition of intended parenthood. What emerges is a complex balancing exercise between international public policy and the best interests of the child. The thesis advanced is that surrogacy entails structural tensions that are difficult to reconcile with the relational conception of the person embedded in the Italian and European constitutional order. The protection of children already born cannot result in the neutralisation of the prohibition, but rather requires legal instruments consistent with the fundamental principles of the system.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_dottorato_Ghezzi.pdf
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Note: Tesi di dottorato Margherita Ghezzi - La surrogazione di maternità: profili costituzionali e comparati del fenomeno
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