Evaluating completeness and consistency in earthquake-induced ground effects inventorying: insights from the last release of the Italian CEDIT catalogue

The completeness and consistency of ground effect catalogues are critical for reliable analysis of scenarios in a multi-hazard risk perspective under a multidisciplinary framework, particularly for assessing the impact of earthquake-induced landslides on the environment and human activities. The updated Italian Catalogue of Earthquake-Induced Ground Failures - CEDIT (http://gdb.ceri.uniroma1.it) addresses these issues by integrating historical and recent data. This release expands the 2014 version by including seismic events up to the 2022 Adriatic coast and the 2025 Campi Flegrei earthquakes, and revisions based on recent publications and reports. It currently documents 4256 earthquake-induced ground effects, landslides, ground cracks, liquefactions, surface faulting, and ground changes, triggered by 215 events since 1117 A.D. Using this compilation, the paper provides an operational appraisal of catalogue completeness and spatial coverage, highlighting key sources of bias (e.g., overlapping effects during multi-event sequences) and identifying survey gaps through GIS-based visibility diagnostics, and updates the Italy-calibrated magnitude-maximum distance relationship for disrupted landslides, which offers an empirically constrained first-order tool for scenario delineation. Despite intrinsic limitations arising from heterogeneous historical reporting and the under representation of low-magnitude events, the extended spatio-temporal coverage of CEDIT supports reproducible national-to-regional analyses, improves comparisons across occurred scenarios of earthquake-induced effects, and provides actionable constraints for susceptibility modelling and risk-management applications in complex seismotectonic contexts.