Brassinosteroids control cell proliferation in the lateral root cap of the Arabidopsis root

Stem cell protection is key to proper plant development. The root cap tissue performs this task by enclosing delicate stem cells in the root meristem and consists of columella cells at the tip and lateral root cap (LRC) cells covering the meristem. Unlike other tissues, the formation of new layers in the LRC is balanced with a regular loss through sloughing and programmed cell death in the outermost layers. The molecular mechanisms regulating this balance are still largely unknown. Brassinosteroids (BR) hormones control meristem size, radial growth, and cell shape during root development by acting non-cell-autonomously from the LRC and the epidermis. Here, we show that BR act cell-autonomously in this tissue to control LRC cell number by promoting cell-cycle entry of LRC cells through the downstream signalling factor BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT-1 (BZR1). Via genetic, molecular, and pharmacological analysis, we show that BZR1 maintains the LRC cell number by promoting the expression of the cell cycle regulator CYCLIN D3;3 (CYCD3;3). Our results enlighten a previously unrecognised module that ensures proper lateral root cap development.