Diamonds provide a unique window into the inaccessible region of the Earth’s mantle, preserving unique information about its mineralogical, chemical composition, oxidation state, and volatile budget. Through the study of mineral and fluid inclusions, diamonds offer critical insights into the carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen cycles, as well as the physicochemical processes that operate under these pressure-temperature conditions. Diamond inclusions have validated hypotheses previously proposed by geophysical models, high-pressure experiments, and meteoritic analogues, bringing ground validated truth to mantle models. Beyond inclusions, the investigation of diamond lattice defects, morphology, and microstructures reveals valuable information on residence times, thermal histories, and ascent mechanisms. In particular, diamonds can provide direct evidence of metasomatic events and carbon rich fluids and rock interactions in the lithospheric mantle, recording dynamic processes that govern volatile transport and redox evolution at depth. This thesis addresses the challenges of interpreting diamond-based records by integrating spectroscopic, geochemical, and thermodynamic approaches to reconstruct the evolution of both diamonds and their inclusions. The research combines nitrogen thermochronometry with elastic geobarometry, oxybarometry, and high-resolution spectroscopic and chemical analyses to define realistic pressure–temperature–fO2 pathways for lithospheric diamonds. These results clarify how metasomatic reactions, redox variations, and ascent kinetics influence both the chemical composition and mineralogical phase inclusions and the defects information preserved in their host diamonds. The thesis is structured into five studies, two of which have been already published in peer reviewed journals such as Frontiers in Geochemistry and Diamond and Related Materials. Combined, these works explore: (1) the interaction of silicate inclusions with carbonated melts in lithospheric diamonds from the Juína region (Brazil); (2) the spatial distribution of nitrogen and hydrogen in peridotitic diamonds from the Siberian craton; (3) microdomain heterogeneities of N-H-related defects and their interactions with inclusions belonging to eclogitic diamonds; (4) the mineralogical changes of garnet in carbonate-rich fluids under analogue fibrous diamond-forming conditions; (5) The redox heterogeneties present in the lithospheric mantle of the Siberian Craton. Together, these studies refine our understanding of the redox state, mineralogical heterogeneity, and volatiles budget of the lithospheric mantle. They demonstrate that diamonds are not static records but dynamic archives that integrate deep-Earth processes across multiple scales.

I diamanti rappresentano una finestra unica verso le regioni inaccessibili del mantello terrestre, preservando informazioni fondamentali sulla sua composizione mineralogica e chimica, sullo stato di ossidazione e sul bilancio dei volatili. Attraverso lo studio delle inclusioni minerali e fluide, i diamanti forniscono informazioni cruciali sui cicli del carbonio, dell’azoto e dell’idrogeno, nonché sui processi fisico-chimici che operano in condizioni di alta pressione e temperatura. Le inclusioni nei diamanti hanno consentito di validare ipotesi precedentemente proposte da modelli geofisici, esperimenti ad alta pressione e analoghi meteoritici, fornendo una verifica diretta dei modelli del mantello. Oltre alle inclusioni, l’analisi dei difetti reticolari, della morfologia e delle microstrutture dei diamanti rivela informazioni preziose sui tempi di permanenza, sulle storie termiche e sui meccanismi di risalita. In particolare, i diamanti possono fornire evidenze dirette di eventi metasomatici e delle interazioni tra fluidi ricchi in carbonio e rocce nel mantello litosferico, registrando processi dinamici che governano il trasporto dei volatili e l’evoluzione redox in profondità. Questa tesi affronta le sfide legate all’interpretazione dei record basati sui diamanti integrando approcci spettroscopici, geochimici e termodinamici per ricostruire l’evoluzione sia dei diamanti sia delle loro inclusioni. La ricerca combina la termocronometria dell’azoto con la geobarometria elastica, l’ossibarometria e analisi spettroscopiche e chimiche ad alta risoluzione, al fine di definire percorsi realistici di pressione–temperatura–fO2 per i diamanti litosferici. Questi risultati chiariscono come le reazioni metasomatiche, le variazioni redox e la cinetica di risalita influenzino sia la composizione chimica e le fasi mineralogiche delle inclusioni, sia le informazioni sui difetti preservate nei diamanti ospiti. La tesi è strutturata in cinque studi, due dei quali sono già stati pubblicati su riviste peer- reviewed quali Frontiers in Geochemistry, Diamond and Related Materials e uno è attualmente under review. Nel loro insieme, questi lavori esplorano: (1) l’interazione tra inclusioni silicatiche e fusi carbonatici nei diamanti litosferici della regione di Juína (Brasile); 8 (2) la distribuzione spaziale di azoto e idrogeno in diamanti peridotitici del cratone siberiano; (3) le eterogeneità su scala micrometrica dei difetti legati a N–H e le loro interazioni con inclusioni in diamanti eclogitici; (4) le trasformazioni mineralogiche del granato in fluidi ricchi in carbonati in condizioni analoghe alla formazione di diamanti fibrosi; (5) le eterogeneità redox presenti nel mantello litosferico del cratone siberiano.Nel complesso, questi studi affinano la nostra comprensione dello stato redox, dell’eterogeneità mineralogica e del bilancio dei volatili nel mantello litosferico. Essi dimostrano che i diamanti non sono archivi statici, ma registri dinamici capaci di integrare processi profondi della Terra su scale multiple.

Investigation of mineral inclusions trapped in lithospheric diamonds with implications for their origin and ascent rate / Angellotti, Antonio. - (2026 Mar 23).

Investigation of mineral inclusions trapped in lithospheric diamonds with implications for their origin and ascent rate

ANGELLOTTI, ANTONIO
23/03/2026

Abstract

Diamonds provide a unique window into the inaccessible region of the Earth’s mantle, preserving unique information about its mineralogical, chemical composition, oxidation state, and volatile budget. Through the study of mineral and fluid inclusions, diamonds offer critical insights into the carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen cycles, as well as the physicochemical processes that operate under these pressure-temperature conditions. Diamond inclusions have validated hypotheses previously proposed by geophysical models, high-pressure experiments, and meteoritic analogues, bringing ground validated truth to mantle models. Beyond inclusions, the investigation of diamond lattice defects, morphology, and microstructures reveals valuable information on residence times, thermal histories, and ascent mechanisms. In particular, diamonds can provide direct evidence of metasomatic events and carbon rich fluids and rock interactions in the lithospheric mantle, recording dynamic processes that govern volatile transport and redox evolution at depth. This thesis addresses the challenges of interpreting diamond-based records by integrating spectroscopic, geochemical, and thermodynamic approaches to reconstruct the evolution of both diamonds and their inclusions. The research combines nitrogen thermochronometry with elastic geobarometry, oxybarometry, and high-resolution spectroscopic and chemical analyses to define realistic pressure–temperature–fO2 pathways for lithospheric diamonds. These results clarify how metasomatic reactions, redox variations, and ascent kinetics influence both the chemical composition and mineralogical phase inclusions and the defects information preserved in their host diamonds. The thesis is structured into five studies, two of which have been already published in peer reviewed journals such as Frontiers in Geochemistry and Diamond and Related Materials. Combined, these works explore: (1) the interaction of silicate inclusions with carbonated melts in lithospheric diamonds from the Juína region (Brazil); (2) the spatial distribution of nitrogen and hydrogen in peridotitic diamonds from the Siberian craton; (3) microdomain heterogeneities of N-H-related defects and their interactions with inclusions belonging to eclogitic diamonds; (4) the mineralogical changes of garnet in carbonate-rich fluids under analogue fibrous diamond-forming conditions; (5) The redox heterogeneties present in the lithospheric mantle of the Siberian Craton. Together, these studies refine our understanding of the redox state, mineralogical heterogeneity, and volatiles budget of the lithospheric mantle. They demonstrate that diamonds are not static records but dynamic archives that integrate deep-Earth processes across multiple scales.
23-mar-2026
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1764530
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