Layers of Stone. Investigating the Building Techniques of Vico’s Ancient Wall

Abstract This contribution presents the first phase of an interdisciplinary research project devoted to the in-depth study of the city walls of Vico nel Lazio, one of the most fully preserved medieval fortifications in the Ernici region. By integrating high-precision geometric surveying (laser scanning, terrestrial and UAV photogrammetry), material analyses, and historical–constructional interpretation, the project aims to build a robust knowledge base to support future policies of planned conservation and the enhancement of the historic centre. The historical analysis frames the development of the fortified settlement between the 11th and 13th centuries, while the study of the masonry—classified according to medieval typologies established in specialist literature—reveals overlaps, reconstructions, and structural vulnerabilities, particularly at the junctions between towers and curtain walls. The investigation of materials and decay phenomena highlights issues related to incompatible mortars, moisture, biological growth, and the absence of protective crowning elements. Overall, the study emphasises the importance of a careful and interdisciplinary approach capable of guiding interventions that are compatible with the historical values of the site and the contemporary needs of the community, thereby contributing to the preservation and sustainable management of the fortified system