Artistieke productie is onderhevig aan talrijke degradatieprocessen als gevolg van natuurlijke veroudering, impact op bezoekers, biologische besmetting en omgevingsomstandigheden in zowel binnen- als buitenomgevingen. Analytische chemie draagt bij door materialen en technieken te identificeren, degradatiemechanismen te diagnosticeren en nieuwe conserveringsmethoden te helpen ontwikkelen. Het doel van het onderzoek was het ontwikkelen en toepassen van analytische protocollen waarbij vibrationele spectroscopische technieken worden gecombineerd met massaspectrometrische methoden. Het project werd uitgevoerd aan het Departement Chemische Wetenschappen (Universiteit van Napels Federico II), het Koninklijk Paleis van Caserta en het Archeometrisch Laboratorium van de Universiteit Gent, in nauwe samenwerking tussen academisch onderzoek en museuminstellingen. De scriptie is opgebouwd rond drie hoofddoelstellingen: 1. Analyse van geschreven documenten, met een focus op de zelden bestudeerde koolstof-ijzergal gemengde inkten (C-IGI). 2. Studie van geverfde oppervlakken om preparatieve technieken en latere restauratiematerialen te identificeren. 3. Biomonitoring van opkomende contaminanten en hun potentiële rol in de degradatie van monumentale oppervlakken onderzoeken. Het onderzoek maakte gebruik van een multi-analytische en geïntegreerde aanpak, waarbij verschillende complementaire technieken werden gecombineerd: • Raman microspectroscopie en FT-IR spectroscopie voor de moleculaire identificatie. • SEM-EDS en XRF voor elementaire microanalyse. • HPLC-MS en GC-MS voor de karakterisering van organische moleculaire. • Optische microscopie. Alle analytische procedures zijn ontworpen om niet-invasief of minimaal destructief te zijn, in volledige overeenstemming met de conserveringsvereisten. Hieronder wordt een overzicht gegeven van de resultaten die tijdens dit doctoraatsonderzoek zijn verkregen. 1. Historische manuscripten en inktdegradatie De studie van de 18e-eeuwse brieven van Luigi Vanvitelli (Palatijnse Bibliotheek, Koninklijk Paleis van Caserta) onthulde amorfe koolstof, metaalsulfaten (Fe, Cu, Zn) en ijzer(III)-gallaatcomplexen, wat het gebruik van een gemengde koolstofijzergalinkt bevestigt. Laboratoriummodellen toonden aan dat koolstof de afbraak van ijzergallaat aanzienlijk versnelt: Raman-microspectroscopie detecteerde het verlies van Fe-gallaatsignalen na slechts een paar dagen thermische veroudering, terwijl HPLC-MS vroege oxidatieproducten zoals ellaginezuur identificeerde. Koolstof bevordert de aantasting van de inkt door galluszuur te adsorberen en het ijzer-gallaatcomplex te destabiliseren. Deze resultaten verduidelijken de degradatiemechanismen in gemengde C-IGI-inkten en bieden nieuwe richtlijnen voor het bewaren van historische manuscripten. 2. Geverfde oppervlakken De analyses van Romeinse muurfragmenten onthulden het gebruik van een fresco-secco-techniek, met een secco picturale laag aangebracht over een fresco- mortelpreparaat, bevestigd door de aanwezigheid van organische bindmiddelen op basis van eiwitten. De studie van een Romeins fresco toonde aan dat de voorbereidende techniek kan worden bepaald door middel van niet- en microdestructieve methoden, terwijl macro-destructieve analyses verdere stratigrafische bevestiging boden. Spectroscopische en spectrometrische analyses van funeraire keramiek uit een Hellenistische grafkamer identificeerden pigmenten zoals hematiet, indigo en amorfe koolstof, evenals op silica gebaseerde glinsterende materialen en organische bindmiddelen, waaronder plantaardige oliën en melk. Deze resultaten suggereren dat het keramiek in cosmetica en zalven werd gebruikt voor de versiering van de overledene. Een geïntegreerde analytische benadering kenmerkte de anorganische en organische materialen van de polychrome Bourbon-vloeren in het Koninklijk Paleis van Caserta, waarbij tot vier decoratieve lagen en het naast elkaar bestaan van originele en moderne restauratiematerialen werden onthuld. Er werden twee belangrijke decoratiemethoden geïdentificeerd: (i) minium (loodmenie, Pb3O4) dat rechtstreeks op terracotta werd aangebracht en (ii) gelaagde voorbereidende en picturale lagen. De 18e-19e-eeuwse lagen bestaan uit calcium- en bariumsulfaten met TiO₂-preparaten en oliegebonden minerale pigmenten, terwijl 20e-eeuwse lagen bariumsulfaten bevatten met calciumcarbonaat, pigmenten en synthetische harsen. Dit analytische bewijs komt overeen met de slecht bewaarde en onvolledige documenten in de historische archieven van het Koninklijk Paleis van Caserta, die het gebruik van "vernice a olio" en "vernice a spirito" vermelden. 3. Biomonitoring van microplastics in erfgoedomgevingen Een eerder ontwikkeld biomonitoringprotocol voor de analyse van microplastics met mossen en korstmossen als vangers werd toegepast op zes locaties in het Royal Green Park van Caserta. Microplastics werden met dit protocol uit korstmossen geëxtraheerd en hun chemische identificatie is aan de gang. Voorlopige resultaten tonen een duidelijke aanwezigheid van microplastics aan in zwarte korsten die voornamelijk bestaan uit carbonaten en sulfaat; polymeerkarakterisering is aan de gang. Deze vergelijkende studie bevestigt de toepasbaarheid van het protocol op de context van cultureel erfgoed en onderzoekt de mogelijke rol van specifieke soorten microplastics bij de vorming van zwarte korst. Over het algemeen toont de analytische benadering, waarbij vibrationele en chromatografische technieken worden gecombineerd, een effectief model van samenwerking tussen wetenschap en erfgoed oplevert, dat kan worden uitgebreid naar andere Europese conserveringscontexten.

Artistic manufacts are subject to numerous degradation processes arising from natural aging, visitor impact, biological contamination, and environmental conditions in both indoor and outdoor settings. Analytical chemistry contributes by identifying materials and techniques, diagnosing degradation mechanisms, and developing new conservation methods. The aim of the research was to develop and apply analytical protocols combining vibrational spectroscopic techniques with mass spectrometric methods. The project was carried out at the Department of Chemical Sciences (University of Naples Federico II), the Royal Palace of Caserta, and the Archaeometry Laboratory of Ghent University, in a close collaboration between academic research and museum institutions. The thesis is structured around three main objectives: 1. Diagnosis of written documents, with a focus on the rarely studied carbon–iron gall mixed inks (C-IGI). 2. Study of painted surfaces to identify preparative techniques and later restoration materials. 3. Biomonitoring of emerging contaminants exploring their potential role in the degradation of monumental surfaces. The research employed a multi-analytical and integrated approach, combining several complementary techniques: i) vibrational spectroscopies (Raman micro-spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy); ii) Optical and electronic microscopy (OM and SEM-EDS); iii) X-Ray Fluorescence; iv) chromatography assisted mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS and GC-MS). All analytical procedures were designed to be non-invasive or minimally destructive, in full compliance with conservation requirements. Below are reported the results obtained during the three-years activity. 1. Historical manuscripts and ink degradation The study of Luigi Vanvitelli’s 18th-century letters (Palatine Library, Royal Palace of Caserta) revealed amorphous carbon, metallic sulfates (Fe, Cu, Zn), and iron(III)–gallate complexes, confirming the use of a mixed carbon–iron gall ink. Laboratory mock-ups showed that carbon markedly accelerates iron–gallate degradation: Raman micro-spectroscopy detected the loss of Fe–gallate signals after only a few days of thermal aging, while HPLC-MS identified early oxidation products such as ellagic acid. Carbon promotes ink deterioration by adsorbing gallic acid and destabilizing the iron–gallate complex. These results clarify degradation mechanisms in mixed C–IGI inks and provide new guidance for preserving historical manuscripts. 2. Painted surfaces The analysis of Roman wall fragments revealed the use of a fresco-secco technique, with a secco pictorial layer applied over a fresco mortar preparation, confirmed by the presence of protein-based organic binders. The study of a Roman fresco demonstrated that the preparatory technique can be determined through non- and micro-destructive methods, while macro-destructive analyses provided further stratigraphic confirmation. Spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses of funerary ceramics from a Hellenistic tomb containers identified pigments such as hematite, indigo, and amorphous carbon, as well as silica-based glittering materials and organic binders including vegetable oils and milk. These results suggest that the ceramics held cosmetics and ointments used for the adornment of the deceased. An integrated analytical approach characterized inorganic and organic materials of the polychrome Bourbon floors at the Royal Palace of Caserta, revealing up to four decorative layers and the coexistence of original and modern restoration materials. Two main decoration methods were identified: (i) minium applied directly on terracotta and (ii) stratified preparatory and pictorial layers. The 18th–19th-century layers consist of calcium and barium sulfates with TiO₂ preparations and oil-bound mineral pigments, while 20th-century layers contain barium sulfates with calcium carbonate, pigments, and synthetic resins. This analytical evidence are consistent with the lack of documents in historical archives of the Royal Palace of Caserta, which mention the use of “vernice a olio” e “vernice a spirito”. 3. Biomonitoring of microplastics in heritage environments A biomonitoring protocol for microplastic analysis using mosses and lichens as capturers, previously developed, was applied at six sites within the Royal Green Park of Caserta. Microplastics were extracted from lichens with this protocol, and their chemical identification is ongoing. Preliminary results show clear microplastic presence within black crusts mainly composed of carbonates and sulfate; polymer characterization is in progress. This comparative study confirms the protocol’s applicability to cultural heritage contexts, exploring the possible role of specific microplastic types in black crust formation. Overall, the analytical approach, combining vibrational and chromatographic techniques, demonstrates an effective model of science–heritage collaboration extendable to other European conservation contexts.

Combined use of vibrational spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques for the study of manuscripts and painted surfaces / Alberico, Miriam. - (2026 Feb 16).

Combined use of vibrational spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques for the study of manuscripts and painted surfaces

ALBERICO, MIRIAM
16/02/2026

Abstract

Artistic manufacts are subject to numerous degradation processes arising from natural aging, visitor impact, biological contamination, and environmental conditions in both indoor and outdoor settings. Analytical chemistry contributes by identifying materials and techniques, diagnosing degradation mechanisms, and developing new conservation methods. The aim of the research was to develop and apply analytical protocols combining vibrational spectroscopic techniques with mass spectrometric methods. The project was carried out at the Department of Chemical Sciences (University of Naples Federico II), the Royal Palace of Caserta, and the Archaeometry Laboratory of Ghent University, in a close collaboration between academic research and museum institutions. The thesis is structured around three main objectives: 1. Diagnosis of written documents, with a focus on the rarely studied carbon–iron gall mixed inks (C-IGI). 2. Study of painted surfaces to identify preparative techniques and later restoration materials. 3. Biomonitoring of emerging contaminants exploring their potential role in the degradation of monumental surfaces. The research employed a multi-analytical and integrated approach, combining several complementary techniques: i) vibrational spectroscopies (Raman micro-spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy); ii) Optical and electronic microscopy (OM and SEM-EDS); iii) X-Ray Fluorescence; iv) chromatography assisted mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS and GC-MS). All analytical procedures were designed to be non-invasive or minimally destructive, in full compliance with conservation requirements. Below are reported the results obtained during the three-years activity. 1. Historical manuscripts and ink degradation The study of Luigi Vanvitelli’s 18th-century letters (Palatine Library, Royal Palace of Caserta) revealed amorphous carbon, metallic sulfates (Fe, Cu, Zn), and iron(III)–gallate complexes, confirming the use of a mixed carbon–iron gall ink. Laboratory mock-ups showed that carbon markedly accelerates iron–gallate degradation: Raman micro-spectroscopy detected the loss of Fe–gallate signals after only a few days of thermal aging, while HPLC-MS identified early oxidation products such as ellagic acid. Carbon promotes ink deterioration by adsorbing gallic acid and destabilizing the iron–gallate complex. These results clarify degradation mechanisms in mixed C–IGI inks and provide new guidance for preserving historical manuscripts. 2. Painted surfaces The analysis of Roman wall fragments revealed the use of a fresco-secco technique, with a secco pictorial layer applied over a fresco mortar preparation, confirmed by the presence of protein-based organic binders. The study of a Roman fresco demonstrated that the preparatory technique can be determined through non- and micro-destructive methods, while macro-destructive analyses provided further stratigraphic confirmation. Spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses of funerary ceramics from a Hellenistic tomb containers identified pigments such as hematite, indigo, and amorphous carbon, as well as silica-based glittering materials and organic binders including vegetable oils and milk. These results suggest that the ceramics held cosmetics and ointments used for the adornment of the deceased. An integrated analytical approach characterized inorganic and organic materials of the polychrome Bourbon floors at the Royal Palace of Caserta, revealing up to four decorative layers and the coexistence of original and modern restoration materials. Two main decoration methods were identified: (i) minium applied directly on terracotta and (ii) stratified preparatory and pictorial layers. The 18th–19th-century layers consist of calcium and barium sulfates with TiO₂ preparations and oil-bound mineral pigments, while 20th-century layers contain barium sulfates with calcium carbonate, pigments, and synthetic resins. This analytical evidence are consistent with the lack of documents in historical archives of the Royal Palace of Caserta, which mention the use of “vernice a olio” e “vernice a spirito”. 3. Biomonitoring of microplastics in heritage environments A biomonitoring protocol for microplastic analysis using mosses and lichens as capturers, previously developed, was applied at six sites within the Royal Green Park of Caserta. Microplastics were extracted from lichens with this protocol, and their chemical identification is ongoing. Preliminary results show clear microplastic presence within black crusts mainly composed of carbonates and sulfate; polymer characterization is in progress. This comparative study confirms the protocol’s applicability to cultural heritage contexts, exploring the possible role of specific microplastic types in black crust formation. Overall, the analytical approach, combining vibrational and chromatographic techniques, demonstrates an effective model of science–heritage collaboration extendable to other European conservation contexts.
16-feb-2026
Vergara, Alessandro; Birolo, Leila; Vandenabeele, Peter
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1761063
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