This paper presents the application of an Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) methodology to the case of Porta San Paolo in Rome, one of the most significant examples of the city’s late-antique defensive architecture. The research pursues a dual objective: first, to develop an integrated digital workflow for the documentation and preventive conservation of the monument; second, to explore the potential of the information model for cultural valorization and public dissemination of architectural heritage. Built between 271 and 275 CE as the Porta Ostiensis along the Aurelian Walls, the structure bears the marks of centuries of architectural and functional transformations. The project addressed this complexity through an integrated digital survey, combining 3D laser scanning, aerial photogrammetry by drone, and historical-documentary analysis to generate a coherent, georeferenced 3D model. The survey, comprising over 600 million points with sub-centimeter accuracy, faithfully captured the geometry of towers, arches, and masonry textures, forming the basis for the subsequent information modeling. The resulting HBIM model, organized within a Common Data Environment (CDE), integrates geometric, material, and diagnostic data, associating each component with parameters concerning construction chronology, materials, decay phenomena, and restoration history. Modeling required the creation of custom parametric families capable of representing irregular and non-standardized architectural features. The model, interoperable via the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) standard, acts as an interactive 3D database that supports both scientific analysis and the operational management of conservation efforts. Morphological and material analyses revealed a complex stratigraphy encompassing Aurelian, Honorian, medieval, and modern construction phases, characterized by varying use of brickwork, tuff, and travertine. Integrating photogrammetric and thermographic data enabled the mapping of material decay and the detection of moisture and disaggregation phenomena, effectively transforming diagnostic information into a dynamic monitoring and predictive maintenance tool. In this sense, HBIM functions as both an analytical and operational platform, capable of managing and updating heritage data over time. In parallel, the project explored the communicative potential of the HBIM model. By exporting the model into AR/VR environments (via Unreal Engine), immersive interactive pathways were developed, allowing users to explore the monument in 3D, access historical data, and understand its evolution through multimedia content. On-site augmented reality applications further enabled users to overlay the digital model onto the physical monument, promoting a form of diffused musealization and cognitive accessibility for diverse audiences. Methodologically, the project demonstrates how HBIM can serve as an interdisciplinary bridge connecting architectural history, surveying, materials science, and visual communication—an information platform enabling dialogue among different expertise domains. The model, conceived as a digital twin of the monument, provides a foundation for future monitoring systems and integrated heritage management, aligning with the objectives of the European Digital Agenda and Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR – Mission 1, Component 3). In conclusion, the Porta San Paolo project defines a replicable methodological paradigm for the documentation and digital enhancement of historic architecture. The integration of instrumental surveying, information modeling, and digital visualization represents not only a technological innovation but also a cultural act aimed at preserving and renewing the city’s memory through digital means. Porta San Paolo—symbol of fortified Rome—thus becomes a laboratory for innovation, where HBIM transcends its technical function to become a cognitive and communicative tool for a conscious, interdisciplinary, and shared form of digital conservation.
Il contributo presenta l’applicazione della metodologia Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) al caso di Porta San Paolo a Roma, una delle principali testimonianze dell’architettura difensiva tardoantica della città. L’obiettivo è duplice: sviluppare un flusso di lavoro digitale integrato per la documentazione e la conservazione programmata del monumento, e sperimentare le potenzialità della modellazione informativa per la valorizzazione culturale e la fruizione pubblica del patrimonio architettonico. Costruita tra il 271 e il 275 d.C. come porta delle Mura Aureliane sulla via Ostiensis, la struttura è il risultato di secoli di trasformazioni e stratificazioni. La ricerca ha affrontato la complessità del manufatto attraverso un rilievo digitale integrato, combinando laser scanning 3D, fotogrammetria aerea da drone e riferimenti storici e documentari, al fine di ottenere un modello tridimensionale coerente e georeferenziato. Il rilievo, con oltre 600 milioni di punti acquisiti e una risoluzione sub-centimetrica, ha permesso di restituire con estrema precisione la morfologia delle torri, dei fornici e dei paramenti murari, costituendo la base per la modellazione informativa. Il modello HBIM elaborato, organizzato in un Common Data Environment (CDE), integra informazioni geometriche, materiche e diagnostiche, associando a ciascun elemento parametri relativi a cronologie costruttive, materiali, degradi e interventi di restauro. La modellazione ha richiesto la creazione di famiglie parametriche personalizzate, in grado di rappresentare le irregolarità delle strutture storiche. Tale modello, interoperabile tramite lo standard IFC, costituisce un database tridimensionale consultabile per livelli tematici, funzionale tanto alla ricerca scientifica quanto alla gestione operativa della conservazione. Le analisi morfologico-materiche hanno evidenziato la sovrapposizione di fasi costruttive (aureliana, onoriana, medievale e moderna) e la diversità dei materiali impiegati: laterizi, tufo e travertino. L’integrazione dei dati fotogrammetrici e termografici ha consentito la mappatura dei degradi e l’individuazione di fenomeni di umidità e disgregamento, traducendo le informazioni diagnostiche in strumenti di monitoraggio e manutenzione predittiva. L’HBIM, in questo senso, si è configurato come una piattaforma conoscitiva e operativa capace di gestire e aggiornare le informazioni nel tempo. Parallelamente, la ricerca ha esplorato le potenzialità comunicative del modello informativo. L’esportazione del modello in ambienti AR/VR (Unreal Engine) ha permesso di creare percorsi immersivi che consentono all’utente di esplorare la Porta in 3D, accedere ai dati storici e comprendere l’evoluzione del monumento attraverso contenuti multimediali. Sono stati inoltre sperimentati sistemi di realtà aumentata in situ, che consentono la sovrapposizione del modello digitale al bene reale, favorendo un approccio di musealizzazione diffusa e di accessibilità cognitiva per pubblici diversificati. Dal punto di vista metodologico, il progetto ha dimostrato come l’HBIM possa fungere da ponte interdisciplinare tra rilievo, storia, scienza dei materiali e comunicazione visiva, configurandosi come una piattaforma di dialogo tra competenze diverse. Il modello informativo, concepito come un gemello digitale del monumento, si pone come base per futuri sistemi di monitoraggio e gestione integrata del patrimonio urbano, in linea con gli obiettivi dell’Agenda Digitale Europea e del PNRR – Missione 1, Componente 3. In conclusione, la ricerca su Porta San Paolo propone un paradigma metodologico replicabile per la documentazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio architettonico storico. L’integrazione di rilievo strumentale, modellazione informativa e fruizione digitale rappresenta non solo un’evoluzione tecnologica, ma un atto culturale, volto a preservare e rinnovare la memoria della città attraverso il linguaggio del digitale. Porta San Paolo, simbolo della Roma fortificata, diventa così un laboratorio di innovazione, in cui il modello HBIM non è soltanto uno strumento tecnico, ma un dispositivo cognitivo e comunicativo per una conservazione consapevole, interdisciplinare e condivisa.
Porta San Paolo: HBIM per la documentazione e valorizzazione digitale del patrimonio fortificato romano Porta San Paolo: HBIM for the Digital Documentation and Enhancement of Rome’s Fortified Heritage / Inglese, Carlo; Empler, Tommaso; Marcelli, Marina. - (2026), pp. 266-271. ( Le Mura Aureliane nella Storia di Roma. 3. Dal XVI Secolo all’età Contemporanea Roma ).
Porta San Paolo: HBIM per la documentazione e valorizzazione digitale del patrimonio fortificato romano Porta San Paolo: HBIM for the Digital Documentation and Enhancement of Rome’s Fortified Heritage
Carlo Inglese;Tommaso Empler;
2026
Abstract
This paper presents the application of an Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) methodology to the case of Porta San Paolo in Rome, one of the most significant examples of the city’s late-antique defensive architecture. The research pursues a dual objective: first, to develop an integrated digital workflow for the documentation and preventive conservation of the monument; second, to explore the potential of the information model for cultural valorization and public dissemination of architectural heritage. Built between 271 and 275 CE as the Porta Ostiensis along the Aurelian Walls, the structure bears the marks of centuries of architectural and functional transformations. The project addressed this complexity through an integrated digital survey, combining 3D laser scanning, aerial photogrammetry by drone, and historical-documentary analysis to generate a coherent, georeferenced 3D model. The survey, comprising over 600 million points with sub-centimeter accuracy, faithfully captured the geometry of towers, arches, and masonry textures, forming the basis for the subsequent information modeling. The resulting HBIM model, organized within a Common Data Environment (CDE), integrates geometric, material, and diagnostic data, associating each component with parameters concerning construction chronology, materials, decay phenomena, and restoration history. Modeling required the creation of custom parametric families capable of representing irregular and non-standardized architectural features. The model, interoperable via the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) standard, acts as an interactive 3D database that supports both scientific analysis and the operational management of conservation efforts. Morphological and material analyses revealed a complex stratigraphy encompassing Aurelian, Honorian, medieval, and modern construction phases, characterized by varying use of brickwork, tuff, and travertine. Integrating photogrammetric and thermographic data enabled the mapping of material decay and the detection of moisture and disaggregation phenomena, effectively transforming diagnostic information into a dynamic monitoring and predictive maintenance tool. In this sense, HBIM functions as both an analytical and operational platform, capable of managing and updating heritage data over time. In parallel, the project explored the communicative potential of the HBIM model. By exporting the model into AR/VR environments (via Unreal Engine), immersive interactive pathways were developed, allowing users to explore the monument in 3D, access historical data, and understand its evolution through multimedia content. On-site augmented reality applications further enabled users to overlay the digital model onto the physical monument, promoting a form of diffused musealization and cognitive accessibility for diverse audiences. Methodologically, the project demonstrates how HBIM can serve as an interdisciplinary bridge connecting architectural history, surveying, materials science, and visual communication—an information platform enabling dialogue among different expertise domains. The model, conceived as a digital twin of the monument, provides a foundation for future monitoring systems and integrated heritage management, aligning with the objectives of the European Digital Agenda and Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR – Mission 1, Component 3). In conclusion, the Porta San Paolo project defines a replicable methodological paradigm for the documentation and digital enhancement of historic architecture. The integration of instrumental surveying, information modeling, and digital visualization represents not only a technological innovation but also a cultural act aimed at preserving and renewing the city’s memory through digital means. Porta San Paolo—symbol of fortified Rome—thus becomes a laboratory for innovation, where HBIM transcends its technical function to become a cognitive and communicative tool for a conscious, interdisciplinary, and shared form of digital conservation.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


