Medical Gases as Emerging Regulators of Paediatric Endocrine and Neurodevelopmental Pathways: A Mini-Review

Aim: Medical gases, including nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and molecular hydrogen, have emerged as key regulators of redox balance and cellular signalling. This mini-review examines their relevance to paediatric endocrine and neurodevelopmental pathways, domains particularly sensitive to oxidative and inflammatory disturbances. Methods: We surveyed preclinical and clinical studies published between 2007 and 2025 on gas-mediated regulation of metabolic–redox homeostasis, bone biology, pubertal control and neurodevelopment. Additional attention was given to conditions marked by oxidative stress, such as Klinefelter and Turner syndromes. Results: Evidence shows that gasotransmitters modulate synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission and neuroinflammation, influencing disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and outcomes after perinatal hypoxia. They also participate in metabolic regulation, osteogenesis, osteoclast activity and hypothalamic control of puberty. These mechanistic insights highlight the emerging translational potential of gas-mediated pathways in paediatric health. Conclusion: Although paediatric clinical applications remain limited, advances in omics-based profiling, mechanistic studies and biomaterial-supported gas delivery are rapidly expanding the therapeutic horizon. Integrating gasotransmitter biology into paediatric endocrinology and neurodevelopment may support future diagnostic, preventive and targeted therapeutic strategies.