Electrochemical biosensors for food quality markers detection

This PhD thesis investigates the development of electrochemical biosensors as low-cost and portable tools for food safety monitoring. Despite their high accuracy, conventional analytical techniques are often unsuitable for rapid and decentralized analysis due to their cost and operational complexity. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising alternative by combining selective biorecognition elements with miniaturized transducers. Two complementary strategies are explored: enzyme-based sensors exploiting the direct electron transfer capability of cytochrome c nitrite reductase for nitrite detection in cured meats, and antibody-based sensors targeting small toxic contaminants such as pesticides and mycotoxins. A key innovative aspect of this work is the integration of 3D-printed conductive electrodes, which provide customizable, low-cost, and adaptable platforms for biosensor fabrication. Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and gold-modified 3D-printed electrodes are employed to enhance biorecognition element immobilization, improving sensor stability and reproducibility. Overall, the thesis contributes to advancing electrochemical biosensing technologies toward practical applications in the agri-food sector.