Politica globale nella gestione delle risorse idriche e lotta al deficit idrico

The sustainable management of water resources represents one of the most pres- sing global challenges of the 21st century, increasingly exacerbated by climate change, population growth, and the overexploitation of freshwater ecosystems. Contemporary global water policies aim to address hydrodeficit through integra- ted strategies that combine multi-level governance, technological innovation, and international cooperation. Both the quality and quantity of available water are declining due to anthropogenic pressures and climatic variability. Currently, 2.3 billion people live in water-stressed regions, including 733 million across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In response, institutions such as the United Nations, the European Union, and the World Bank have developed regulatory frameworks and financial instruments – most notably the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation) – to promote equitable and efficient water governance. Key strategies include adaptive management, nature-based solutions, digital techno- logies for real-time monitoring, and circular economy principles applied to the water sector. Addressing chronic water scarcity also demands targeted measures such as desalination, wastewater reuse, and improved efficiency in agricultural and indu- strial systems. Furthermore, cross-border cooperation remains critical to preventing water-related conflicts, with international agreements providing frameworks for the joint management of shared basins. This article critically examines global water policies and their capacity to reduce the widening gap between water availability and demand. Adopting an interdisciplinary lens that integrates environmental, economic, and social dimensions, the analysis