The legacy of Roman technology: a window into the past for future constructions

Technological advances throughout history have been achieved through the wise and intensive use of available georesources. Mortars are composite geomaterials (i.e., geological natural materials or deriving from technological transformations of geological materials) consisting of hydraulic or aerial binder, aggregates and additives reacting with binder and undergoing modifications during setting (Moropolou et al., 2005). The use of pozzolan marked a great advance in construction technology since Roman Age: ancient pozzolanic mortars testify the high technological quality achieved by Roman construction workers, due to their excellent preservation state in every environment. The original pozzolan is the pulvis puteolana, a volcanic sand from the Phlegraean Fields area. As reported by Vitruvius, this was considered a “prodigious powder” outcropping in a wide region, from Baia and Cumae to Vesuvius and Sorrento Peninsula. The Romans founded one of the greatest empires in history, conquering the Mediterranean area and half of Europe. The sign of their passage can be seen through buildings, roads, aqueducts, temples and monuments. From an architectural perspective, the Romans inspired many populations, both past and present. Their ability to build monuments starting from simple geological materials and obtaining more complex ones that would last over time has been, and still is, object of interest for researchers.The study of Roman mortars holds exceptional significance for understanding the advanced construction technologies employed by ancient builders. The preservation state of these geomaterials, many of which have endured for millennia, testify the very high technical expertise and craftsmanship of Roman builders. The manufacturing technology developed by the Romans were truly innovative, emphasizing not only structural strength but also quality, sustainability, longevity, and aesthetic appeal. Their approach integrated natural materials such as pozzolan, which enhanced the hydraulic properties and resilience of mortars, enabling the construction of enduring architectural operas. Nowadays, valuable insights from Roman techniques can be drawn to develop sustainable building materials that balance durability with environmental responsibility. Therefore, contemporary constructions can benefit from time-tested methods that promote longevity and beauty while reducing environmental impact. In essence, the legacy of Roman technology is not only a window into the past but also a source of inspiration and practical knowledge for the future of construction and material science.