Interest for studying cosmic neutrinos using deep-sea detectors has increased after the discovery of a diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos by the IceCube collaboration and the possibility of wider multi-messenger studies with the observations of gravitational waves. The ANTARES detector was the first neutrino telescope in seawater, operating successfully in the Mediterranean Sea for more than a decade and a half. All challenges related to the operation in the deep sea were accurately addressed by the collaboration. Deployment and connection operations became smoother over time; data taking and constant re-calibration of the detector due to the variable environmental conditions were fully automated. A wealth of results on the subject of astroparticle physics, particle physics and multi-messenger astronomy have been obtained, despite the relative modest size of the detector, paving the way to a new generation of larger undersea detectors. This review summarizes the efforts by the ANTARES collaboration that made the possibility to operate neutrino telescopes in seawater a reality and the results obtained in this endeavor.
The ANTARES detector. Two decades of neutrino searches in the Mediterranean Sea / Albert 1, A.; 2, ; Alves 3, S.; André 4, M.; Ardid 5, M.; Ardid 5, S.; Aubert 6, J. - J.; Aublin 7, J.; Baret 7, B.; Basa 8, S.; Becherini 7, Y.; Belhorma 9, B.; Benfenati 10, F.; 11, ; Bertin 6, V.; Biagi 12, S.; Boumaaza 13, J.; Bouta 14, M.; Bouwhuis 15, M. C.; Brânzaş 16, H.; Bruijn 15, R.; 17, ; Brunner 6, J.; Busto 6, J.; Caiffi 18, B.; Calvo 3, D.; Campion, S.; Capone, A.; Carenini 10, F.; 11, ; Carr 6, J.; Carretero 3, V.; Cartraud, T.; Celli, S.; Cerisy 6, L.; Chabab 21, M.; Cherkaoui El Moursli 13, R.; Chiarusi 10, T.; Circella 22, M.; Coelho 7, J. A. B.; Coleiro 7, A.; Coniglione 12, R.; Coyle 6, P.; Creusot 7, A.; Díaz 23, A. F.; De Martino 6, B.; Del Rosso 10, I.; 11, ; Distefano, C.; Di Palma, I.; Donzaud 7, C.; 24, ; Dornic 6, D.; Drouhin 1, D.; 2, ; Eberl 25, T.; Eddymaoui 13, A.; Van Eeden 15, T.; Van Eijk 15, D.; El Hedri 7, S.; El Khayati 13, N.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Fermani, P.; Ferrara 12, G.; Filippini 10, F.; 11, ; Fusco 26, L.; Gagliardini 19, S.; 20, ; García-Méndez 5, J.; Gatius Oliver 15, C.; Gay 27, P.; 7, ; Geißelbrecht 25, N.; Glotin 28, H.; Gozzini 3, R.; Gracia Ruiz 25, R.; Graf 25, K.; Guidi 18, C.; 29, ; Haegel 7, L.; Van Haren 30, H.; Heijboer 15, A. J.; Hello 31, Y.; Hennig 25, L.; Hernández-Rey 3, J. J.; Hößl 25, J.; Huang 6, F.; Illuminati 10, G.; 11, ; Jisse-Jung 15, B.; De Jong 15, M.; 32, ; De Jong 15, P.; 17, ; Kadler 33, M.; Kalekin 25, O.; Katz 25, U.; Kouchner 7, A.; Kreykenbohm 34, I.; Kulikovskiy 18, V.; Lahmann 25, R.; Lamoureux 7, M.; Lazo 3, A.; Lefèvre 35, D.; 36, ; Leonora 37, E.; Levi 10, G.; 11, ; Le Stum 6, S.; Loucatos 38, S.; 7, ; Manczak 3, J.; Marcelin 8, M.; Margiotta 10, A.; 11, ; Marinelli 39, A.; 40, ; Martínez-Mora 5, J. A.; Migliozzi 39, P.; Moussa 14, A.; Muller 15, R.; Navas 41, S.; Nezri 8, E.; Ó Fearraigh 15, B.; Oukacha 7, E.; Păun 16, A. M.; Păvălaş 16, G. E.; Peña-Martínez 7, S.; Perrin-Terrin 6, M.; Piattelli 12, P.; Poirè 26, C.; Popa 16, V.; A, ; Pradier 1, T.; Randazzo 37, N.; Real 3, D.; Riccobene 12, G.; Romanov 18, A.; 29, ; Sánchez Losa 3, A.; Saina 3, A.; Salesa Greus 3, F.; Samtleben 15, D. F. E.; 32, ; Sanguineti 18, M.; 29, ; Sapienza 12, P.; Schüssler 38, F.; Seneca 15, J.; Spurio 10, M.; ∗, 11; Stolarczyk 38, Th.; Taiuti 18, M.; 29, ; Tayalati 13, Y.; Vallage 38, B.; 7, ; Vannoye 6, G.; Van Elewyck 7, V.; 42, ; Viola 12, S.; Vivolo 43, D.; 39, ; Wilms 34, J.; Zavatarelli, S.; Zegarelli, A.; Zornoza 3, J. D.; Zúñiga 3, J.. - In: PHYSICS REPORTS. - ISSN 0370-1573. - 1121-1124:(2025), pp. 1-46. [10.1016/j.physrep.2025.04.001]
The ANTARES detector. Two decades of neutrino searches in the Mediterranean Sea
A. CaponeMembro del Collaboration Group
;S. CelliMembro del Collaboration Group
;I. Di PalmaMembro del Collaboration Group
;P. FermaniMembro del Collaboration Group
;A. ZegarelliMembro del Collaboration Group
;
2025
Abstract
Interest for studying cosmic neutrinos using deep-sea detectors has increased after the discovery of a diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos by the IceCube collaboration and the possibility of wider multi-messenger studies with the observations of gravitational waves. The ANTARES detector was the first neutrino telescope in seawater, operating successfully in the Mediterranean Sea for more than a decade and a half. All challenges related to the operation in the deep sea were accurately addressed by the collaboration. Deployment and connection operations became smoother over time; data taking and constant re-calibration of the detector due to the variable environmental conditions were fully automated. A wealth of results on the subject of astroparticle physics, particle physics and multi-messenger astronomy have been obtained, despite the relative modest size of the detector, paving the way to a new generation of larger undersea detectors. This review summarizes the efforts by the ANTARES collaboration that made the possibility to operate neutrino telescopes in seawater a reality and the results obtained in this endeavor.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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