Position calibration in the deep sea is typically done by means of acoustic multilateration using three or more acoustic emitters installed at known positions. Rather than using hydrophones as receivers that are exposed to the ambient pressure, the sound signals can be coupled to piezo ceramics glued to the inside of existing containers for electronics or measuring instruments of a deep sea infrastructure. The ANTARES neutrino telescope operated from 2006 until 2022 in the Mediterranean Sea at a depth exceeding 2000 m. It comprised nearly 900 glass spheres with 432 mm diameter and 15 mm thickness, equipped with photomultiplier tubes to detect Cherenkov light from tracks of charged elementary particles. In an experimental setup within ANTARES, piezo sensors have been glued to the inside of such – otherwise empty – glass spheres. These sensors recorded signals from acoustic emitters with frequencies from 46545 to 60235 Hz. Two waves propagating through the glass sphere are found as a result of the excitation by the waves in the water. These can be qualitatively associated with symmetric and asymmetric Lamb-like waves of zeroth order: a fast (early) one with ve ≈ 5 mm/μs and a slow (late) one with vℓ ≈ 2 mm/μs. Taking these findings into account improves the accuracy of the position calibration. The results can be transferred to the KM3NeT neutrino telescope, currently under construction at multiple sites in the Mediterranean Sea, for which the concept of piezo sensors glued to the inside of glass spheres has been adapted for monitoring the positions of the photomultiplier tubes.
Acoustic properties of a system of piezo sensors integrated into glass spheres for position calibration in the deep sea / Albert, A.; Alves, S.; André, M.; Ardid, M.; Ardid, S.; Aubert, J. -J.; Aublin, J.; Baret, B.; Basa, S.; Becherini, Y.; Belhorma, B.; Bendahman, M.; Benfenati, F.; Bertin, V.; Biagi, S.; Boumaaza, J.; Bouta, M.; Bouwhuis, M. C.; Brânza, H.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Busto, J.; Caiffi, B.; Calvo, D.; Campion, S.; Capone, A.; Carenini, F.; Carr, J.; Carretero, V.; Celli, S.; Cerisy, L.; Chabab, M.; Cherkaoui Elmoursli, R.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Coleiro, A.; Coniglione, R.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Díaz, A. F.; Demartino, B.; Distefano, C.; Di Palma, I.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Drouhin, D.; Eberl, T.; Eddymaoui, A.; Vaneeden, T.; Vaneijk, D.; Elhedri, S.; Elkhayati, N.; Enzenhöfer, A.; García, J.; Gatiusoliver, C.; Gay, P.; Geißelbrecht, N.; Glotin, H.; Fermani, P.; Ferrara, G.; Filippini, F.; Fusco, L.; Gagliardini, S.; Gozzini, R.; Graciaruiz, R.; Graf, K.; Guidi, C.; Haegel, L.; Vanharen, H.; Heijboer, A. J.; Hello, Y.; Hennig, L.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Hößl, J.; Huang, F.; Illuminati, G.; Jisse-Jung, B.; Dejong, M.; Dejong, P.; Kadler, M.; Kalekin, O.; Katz, U.; Kouchner, A.; Kreykenbohm, I.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Lamoureux, M.; Lazo, A.; Lefèvre, D.; Leonora, E.; Levi, G.; Lestum, S.; Loucatos, S.; Manczak, J.; Marcelin, M.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Migliozzi, P.; Moussa, A.; Muller, R.; Navas, S.; Nezri, E.; Ófearraigh, B.; Romanov18, E. Oukacha7 · A. P˘ aun16 · G. E. P˘ av˘ ala¸ s16 · S. Peña-Martínez7 · M. Perrin-Terrin6 · P. Piattelli13 · C. Poirè26 · V. Popa16 · T. Pradier1 · N. Randazzo36 · D. Real3 · G. Riccobene13 · A.; Sánchez-Losa3, 29 · A.; Samtleben15, 22 · A. Saina3 · F. Salesagreus3 · D. F. E.; Sanguineti18, 32 · M.; Spurio11, 29 · P. Sapienza13 · F. Schüssler37 · J. Seneca15 · M.; Taiuti18, 12 · Th. Stolarczyk37 · M.; Vallage7, 29 · Y. Tayalati10 · B.; Vanelewyck7, 37 · G. Vannoye6 · V.; Vivolo38, 41 · S. Viola13 · D.; Zavatarelli, 42 · J. Wilms34 · S.; Zegarelli, A.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zúñiga, J.. - In: EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY. - ISSN 1572-9508. - 59:1(2025), pp. 1-61. [10.1007/s10686-024-09971-7]
Acoustic properties of a system of piezo sensors integrated into glass spheres for position calibration in the deep sea
A. CaponeMembro del Collaboration Group
;S. CelliMembro del Collaboration Group
;I. Di PalmaMembro del Collaboration Group
;P. FermaniMembro del Collaboration Group
;A. ZegarelliMembro del Collaboration Group
;
2025
Abstract
Position calibration in the deep sea is typically done by means of acoustic multilateration using three or more acoustic emitters installed at known positions. Rather than using hydrophones as receivers that are exposed to the ambient pressure, the sound signals can be coupled to piezo ceramics glued to the inside of existing containers for electronics or measuring instruments of a deep sea infrastructure. The ANTARES neutrino telescope operated from 2006 until 2022 in the Mediterranean Sea at a depth exceeding 2000 m. It comprised nearly 900 glass spheres with 432 mm diameter and 15 mm thickness, equipped with photomultiplier tubes to detect Cherenkov light from tracks of charged elementary particles. In an experimental setup within ANTARES, piezo sensors have been glued to the inside of such – otherwise empty – glass spheres. These sensors recorded signals from acoustic emitters with frequencies from 46545 to 60235 Hz. Two waves propagating through the glass sphere are found as a result of the excitation by the waves in the water. These can be qualitatively associated with symmetric and asymmetric Lamb-like waves of zeroth order: a fast (early) one with ve ≈ 5 mm/μs and a slow (late) one with vℓ ≈ 2 mm/μs. Taking these findings into account improves the accuracy of the position calibration. The results can be transferred to the KM3NeT neutrino telescope, currently under construction at multiple sites in the Mediterranean Sea, for which the concept of piezo sensors glued to the inside of glass spheres has been adapted for monitoring the positions of the photomultiplier tubes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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