Reciprocal longitudinal relations between reinforcement sensitivity constructs and triarchic psychopathy traits in Italian adolescents: A Bayesian random intercept cross-lagged panel model

This longitudinal study used Bayesian random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling to examine reciprocal (bidirectional) associations over time between key constructs of Reinforcement Theory, Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) function, and traits of the triarchic psychopathy model (Boldness, Disinhibition, and Meanness) in 698 Italian adolescents across three time points. Analyses revealed statistically meaningful cross-lagged associations for Boldness and Disinhibition with both BIS and BAS. Notably, Boldness and BIS showed negative bidirectional predictive associations, suggesting a dynamic pattern of temporal interdependence. Disinhibition also displayed reciprocal associations with BIS, but in the opposite (positive) direction—a novel effect not previously reported in the literature. Consistent positive cross-lagged effects of BAS on all three triarchic dimensions emerged, although no reciprocal effects were found. These empirical findings underscore the predictive linkages of fundamental motivational systems with the developmental course of psychopathic traits, suggesting distinct temporal pathways across triarchic dimensions. Such patterns may inform early identification and intervention strategies.