Lifestyle and Occupational Activities at the Iron Age site of Pontecagnano (Campania, Italy, 7th-6th century BCE)

Dental calculus analysis provides a window into the dietary habits and daily activities of ancient populations. The present research focuses on the analysis of dental calculus of five individuals from the Iron Age necropolis of Pontecagnano (Campania, Italy, 7th-6th century BCE), selected for their well-preserved and extensive calculus deposits. Our aim is to reconstruct aspects of adult diet and possible occupational activities through the microscopic analysis of micro-debris embedded in the dental calculus. We carried out a meticulous extraction and analysis of dental calculus following established protocols. Micro-debris were identified by light microscopy and compared with modern reference collections and existing literature. Our results show the presence of starch granules, plant fibres and fungal spores. Starch granules, identified in three individuals, belong to the Poaceae family (Triticeae tribe: wheat and barley) and the Fabaceae family (lentils, fava, and peas). The damage observed on some granules suggests possible cooking or processing techniques. In addition, numerous Saccharomyces fungal spores were identified in three individuals, likely suggesting the consumption of fermented foods and/or beverages. The presence of plant fibres in all individuals analysed suggests extra-masticatory use of teeth or hygiene practices. The presence of cereals, legumes, and evidence of fermentation processes, along with plant fibres, highlights the complex interplay between diet, culture, and environment in Iron Age Pontecagnano and their inhabitants. Furthermore, we integrate optical analysis of dental calculus with other lines of bioarchaeological evidence, which will provide valuable insights into food preparation techniques and broader cultural practices in this ancient population.