Use of GPR for supporting structural interpretation of collapsed archaeological asset

This study presents an integrated methodological approach for investigating the collapsed vaulted structures of the Circus of Maxentius in Rome, combining non-destructive geophysical diagnostics with advanced digital survey techniques. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), using dual frequency ground-coupled antennas (200/600 MHz), was employed to detect subsurface anomalies related to the collapse of the vault that once covered the ambulacrum beneath the cavea. The GPR data revealed distinct reflections, interpreted as the intrados of dislocated vault segments, which were cross-validated through 3D photogrammetric modeling and visual analysis of exposed collapse sections. The integration of GPR results with high-resolution digital documentation enabled the reconstruction of buried architectural elements and offered critical insights into the monument’s structural evolution and post-collapse stratigraphy. This approach supports archaeological interpretation and the development of accurate virtual reconstructions, contributing to the broader goal of sustainable heritage valorization through digital technologies.